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Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>. This study assesses rectum organ at risk contours generated using a commercial deep learning auto-contouring model and compares them to clinician contours using geometry, changes in dosimetry and toxicity modelling. <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic> This retrospective study involved 308 prostate cancer patients who were treated using 3D-conformal radiotherapy. Computed tomography images were input into Limbus Contour (v1.8.0b3) to generate auto-contour structures for each patient. Auto-contours were not edited after their generation. Rectum auto-contours were compared to clinician contours geometrically and dosimetrically. Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), mean Hausdorff distance (HD) and volume difference were assessed. Dose-volume histogram (DVH) constraints (V41% - V100%) were compared, and a Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to evaluate statistical significance of differences. Toxicity modelling to compare contours was carried out using equivalent uniform dose (EUD) and clinical factors of abdominal surgery and atrial fibrillation. Trained models were tested (80:20) in their prediction of grade 1 and above late rectal bleeding (n<jats:sub>total<\/jats:sub> = 124) using area-under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). <jats:italic>Main results<\/jats:italic>. Median DSC (interquartile range (IQR)) was 0.85 (0.09), median HD was 1.38 mm (0.60 mm) and median volume difference was -1.73 cc (14.58 cc). Median DVH differences between contours were found to be small (&lt;1.5%) for all constraints although systematically larger than clinician contours (p &lt; 0.05). However, an IQR up to 8.0% was seen for individual patients across all dose constraints. Models using EUD alone derived from clinician or auto-contours had AUCs of 0.60 (0.10) and 0.60 (0.09). AUC for models involving clinical factors and dosimetry was 0.65 (0.09) and 0.66 (0.09) when using clinician contours and auto-contours. <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic> Although median DVH metrics were similar, variation for individual patients highlights the importance of clinician review. Rectal bleeding prediction accuracy did not depend on the contour method for this cohort. The auto-contouring model used in this study shows promise in a supervised workflow.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/adf8f2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T22:47:53Z","timestamp":1754606873000},"page":"055020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An evaluation of rectum contours generated by artificial intelligence automatic contouring software using geometry, dosimetry and predicted toxicity"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8789-4526","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Owen","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4138-7456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fereshteh","family":"Gholami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6103-5870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6999-2739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joe M","family":"O\u2019Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5980-6728","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephen J","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7429-4791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suneil","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6396-2184","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Conor K","family":"McGarry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bpexadf8f2bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2024.03.005","article-title":"How long does contouring really take? results of the royal college of radiologists contouring surveys","volume":"36","author":"Montague","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. 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