{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T18:13:08Z","timestamp":1790100788362,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Excellence Strategy of the Federal Government and the L\u00e4nder through the NEUROTECH Innovation Network"},{"name":"Max-Planck-Gesellschaft"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DO 2460\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DO 2460\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Combining Transcranial Electrical Stimulation and Visual Stimulation at the gamma frequency of 40 Hz holds scientific and clinical potential, but requires concurrent electrophysiological measurement to quantify neuronal effects. This poses substantial methodological challenges: electrical stimulation artifacts largely overshadow EEG signals; gamma signals\u2019 amplitude is particularly low; and oculo-muscular confounds overlap in frequency. With appropriate artifact removal, we aimed to record 40 Hz Steady-State Visually Evoked Potentials (SSVEPs) with EEG during frequency-matched electrical stimulation and explore possible interactions.\n                    <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In three experiments (N\u00a0=\u00a025 healthy volunteers each), we tested if electrical and visual stimulation might interact depending on which brain areas are electrically stimulated or whether the respective frequencies match\u2014and, importantly, how effectively the data processing pipeline can separate artifacts from genuine neuronal activity. Analysing SSVEPs in the time domain, as opposed to the traditional frequency domain, enabled us to mitigate electrical artifacts flexibly through an adaptive template subtraction approach with millisecond precision. It also allowed us to extract SSVEP waveform information, in addition to amplitude. Compared to previous approaches for low frequencies, our algorithm has improved artifact template fitting, a new interpolation feature, and refined segment rejection criteria.\n                    <jats:italic>Main Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We successfully recovered 40 Hz SSVEPs during frequency-matched electrical stimulation applied to central and occipital regions. They closely matched baseline SSVEPs without electrical stimulation in waveform shape. A control condition (no visual stimulation, only electrical) produced uncorrelated low-amplitude signals, further demonstrating robust artifact removal. No interactions between electrical and visual stimulation were found.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We demonstrated how 40 Hz SSVEPs can be reliably measured with EEG during frequency-matched electrical brain stimulation, distinguishing neuronal activity from electrical or physiological confounds. This method now enables fundamental and clinical researchers to combine rhythmic sensory and electrical stimulation in the gamma band and concurrently quantify neuronal electrophysiological effects.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/adfdea","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T22:48:14Z","timestamp":1755816494000},"page":"055031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["40 Hz steady-state visually evoked potentials recovered during oscillating transcranial electrical stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8348-5554","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laura","family":"Hainke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8572-9268","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manuel","family":"Spitschan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Priller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Dowsett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bpexadfdeabib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnp.2022.05.002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation and neuroenhancement","volume":"7","author":"Antal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology Practice"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08183-w","type":"journal-article","article-title":"tACS motor system effects can be caused by transcutaneous stimulation of peripheral nerves","volume":"10","author":"Asamoah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.01.021","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Inter-individual variability in optimal current direction for transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex","volume":"162","author":"Balslev","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1177\/155005941104200210","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Simultaneous EEG\/fMRI analysis of the resonance phenomena in steady-state visual evoked responses","volume":"42","author":"Bayram","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical EEG and Neuroscience"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.02.012","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Combining non-invasive transcranial brain stimulation with neuroimaging and electrophysiology: current approaches and future perspectives","volume":"140","author":"Bergmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"067011","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3593151","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Measuring and predicting eyelid spectral transmittance","volume":"16","author":"Bierman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13755","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Audiovisual gamma stimu","volume":"295","author":"Blanco-Duque","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/aaa15e","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Association between EEG spectral power dynamics and event related potential amplitude on a P300 speller","volume":"4","author":"Bojorges-Valdez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3952","type":"journal-article","article-title":"What does gamma","volume":"18","author":"Buzs\u00e1ki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003180","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Sensory stimuli dominate over rhythmic electrical stimulation in modulating behavior","volume":"23","author":"Cabral-Calderin","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13971","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of brain stimulation techniques in the treatment of mental, psychiatric, and cognitive disorders","volume":"29","author":"Camacho-Conde","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib12","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The Ishihara test for color blindness","author":"Clark","year":"1924","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiological Optics"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.12.008","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Brain oscillations and the importance of waveform shape","volume":"21","author":"Cole","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2019.108540","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mobile steady-state evoked potential recording: dissociable neural effects of real-world navigation and visual stimulation","volume":"332","author":"Dowsett","year":"2020a","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00135","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation with sawtooth waves: simultaneous stimulation and EEG recording","volume":"10","author":"Dowsett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14543","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Shift in lateralization during illusory self-motion: EEG responses to visual flicker at 10 Hz and frequency-specific modulation by tACS","volume":"51","author":"Dowsett","year":"2020b","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/abdbbc","type":"journal-article","article-title":"EEG signal analysis during Ishihara\u2019s test in subjects with normal vision and color vision deficiency","volume":"7","author":"Ekhlasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2014.16.1\/ffroehlich","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Endogenous and exogenous electric fields as modifiers of brain activity: rational design of noninvasive brain stimulation with transcranial alternating current stimulation","volume":"16","author":"Fr\u00f6hlich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.06.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Endogenous electric fields may guide neocortical network activity","volume":"67","author":"Fr\u00f6hlich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.01.019","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Slow-oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation can induce bidirectional shifts in motor cortical excitability in awake humans","volume":"166","author":"Groppa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962957","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.962957","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The role of gamma oscillations in central nervous system diseases: mechanism and treatment","volume":"16","author":"Guan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s11571-022-09873-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Alterations of resting-state gamma frequency characteristics in aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"G\u00fcntekin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cognitive Neurodynamics"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsae299","type":"journal-article","article-title":"40 Hz visual stimulation during sleep evokes neuronal gamma activity in NREM and REM stages","volume":"48","author":"Hainke","year":"2025","journal-title":"SLEEP"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2019.04.004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Modulating human memory via entrainment of brain oscillations","volume":"42","author":"Hanslmayr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117571","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Stimulation artifact source separation (SASS) for assessing electric brain oscillations during transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS)","volume":"228","author":"Haslacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.09.047","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Low-frequency alternating current stimulation rhythmically suppresses gamma-band oscillations and impairs perceptual performance","volume":"184","author":"Herring","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210100682","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Human EEG responses to 1\u2013100 Hz flicker: resonance phenomena in visual cortex and their potential correlation to cognitive phenomena","volume":"137","author":"Herrmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.09.001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Human gamma-band activity: a review on cognitive and behavioral correlates and network models","volume":"34","author":"Herrmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00279","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation: a review of the underlying mechanisms and modulation of cognitive processes","volume":"7","author":"Herrmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.12.018","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Thalamo-cortical mechanisms underlying changes in amplitude and frequency of human alpha oscillations","volume":"70","author":"Hindriks","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00338","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dissociating neuronal gamma-band activity from cranial and ocular muscle activity in EEG","volume":"7","author":"Hipp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.100238","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The gamma rhythm as a guardian of brain health","volume":"13","author":"Ichim","year":"2024","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00003.2020","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Modulation of auditory gamma-band responses using transcranial electrical stimulation","volume":"123","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/aab0ce","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Multi-band component analysis for EEG artifact removal and source reconstruction with application to gamma-band activity","volume":"4","author":"Jonmohamadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00505.2012","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transcranial electrical stimulation over visual cortex evokes phosphenes with a retinal origin","volume":"108","author":"Kar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-019-00727-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Recovering brain dynamics during concurrent tACS-M\/EEG: an overview of analysis approaches and their methodological and interpretational pitfalls","volume":"32","author":"Kasten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Topography"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049409","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1049409","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A novel tDCS control condition using optimized anesthetic gel to block peripheral nerve input","volume":"13","author":"Kerstens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers Neurol."},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2019.34.e285","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Can anodal transcranial direct current stimulation increase steady-state visual evoked potential responses?","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Korean Medical Science"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae292","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The emerging field of non-invasive brain stimulation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"147","author":"Koch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3222","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2024.3451015","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Enhancement of hybrid BCI system performance based on motor imagery and SSVEP by transcranial alternating current stimulation","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2017.8037274","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on steady-state visual evoked potentials","author":"Liu","year":"2017"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac3ef3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"tACS facilitates flickering driving by boosting steady-state visual evoked potentials","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13050792","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Individual\/peak gamma frequency: what do we know?","volume":"13","author":"Mockevi\u010dius","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.22557","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Investigating the effects of auditory and vibrotactile rhythmic sensory stimulation on depression: an EEG pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Mosabbir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6352","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2011.6091568)","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"SSVEP-BCI implementation for 37\u201340 Hz frequency range","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2011"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.04.001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The impact of gamma transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on cognitive and memory processes in patients with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a literature review","volume":"16","author":"Nissim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.03.065","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Physiological processes non-linearly affect electrophysiological recordings during transcranial electric stimulation","volume":"140","author":"Noury","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.3390\/life14050578","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The pathophysiological underpinnings of gamma-band alterations in psychiatric disorders","volume":"14","author":"Palmisano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14287","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Higher amplitudes in steady-state visual evoked potentials driven by square-wave versus sine-wave contrast modulation\u2014a dual-laboratory study","volume":"60","author":"Panitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.07.032","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Non-invasive human brain stimulation in cognitive neuroscience: a primer","volume":"87","author":"Parkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-017-0054-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Studying and modifying brain function with non-invasive brain stimulation","volume":"21","author":"Polan\u00eda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-016-0158-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Disengaging from statistical significance","volume":"31","author":"Rothman","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2023.101317","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Combined multi-session transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and language skills training improves individual gamma band activity and literacy skills in developmental dyslexia","volume":"64","author":"Rufener","year":"2023","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00184","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Flicker-driven responses in visual cortex change during matched-frequency transcranial alternating current stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Ruhnau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21293-3_1)","type":"book","article-title":"SimNIBS 2.1: a comprehensive pipeline for individualized electric field modelling for transcranial brain stimulation","author":"Saturnino","year":"2019"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.988077","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Steady state visual evoked potentials in schizophrenia: a review","volume":"16","author":"Schielke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006357","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Flexible resonance in prefrontal networks with strong feedback inhibition","volume":"14","author":"Sherfey","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e240001","DOI":"10.20900\/jpbs.20240001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A focused review of gamma neuromodulation as a therapeutic target in Alzheimer\u2019s spectrum disorders","volume":"9","author":"Shu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatry and Brain Science"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01539","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Theta phase-dependent modulation of perception by concurrent transcranial alternating current stimulation and periodic visual stimulation","volume":"32","author":"Somer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2020.03.003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Modulation of gamma oscillations as a possible therapeutic tool for neuropsychiatric diseases: a review and perspective","volume":"152","author":"Str\u00fcber","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib61","first-page":"1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fundamentals of EEG measurement","volume":"2","author":"Teplan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Measurement Science Review"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.01.003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Guiding transcranial brain stimulation by EEG\/MEG to interact with ongoing brain activity and associated functions: a position paper","volume":"128","author":"Thut","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00170","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Entrainment of perceptually relevant brain oscillations by non-invasive rhythmic stimulation of the human brain","volume":"2","author":"Thut","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782399","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2021.782399","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Gamma oscillations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and their potential therapeutic role","volume":"15","author":"Traikapi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002831","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Can neurotechnology revolutionize cognitive enhancement?","volume":"22","author":"Violante","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2024.101412","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Rhythmic sensory stimulation as a noninvasive tool to study plasticity mechanisms in human episodic memory","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-48043-1_1)","type":"book","article-title":"ASA statement on statistical significance and p-values","author":"Wasserstein","year":"2020"},{"key":"bpexadfdeabib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2024.3389051","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Improving SSVEP-BCI performance through repetitive anodal tDCS-based neuromodulation: insights from fractal EEG and brain functional connectivity","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."}],"container-title":["Biomedical Physics &amp; Engineering Express"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/adfdea","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/adfdea\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/adfdea","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/adfdea\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/adfdea\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/adfdea\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/adfdea\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/adfdea\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T11:24:25Z","timestamp":1757330665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/adfdea"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/adfdea","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ADFDEA\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ADFDEA\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ADFDEA\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ADFDEA\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ADFDEA\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.06.21.599984","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2057-1976"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-1976","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"40 Hz steady-state visually evoked potentials recovered during oscillating transcranial electrical stimulation","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2025-07-24","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2025-08-21","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2025-09-08","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}