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Phys. Eng. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    This study aimed to develop a miniaturized low-field thoracic magnetic stimulation (LF-ThMS) device to evaluate its effects on peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) in healthy rats. This investigation was motivated by prior findings that LF-ThMS at 10.5 to 13.1 mT increased SpO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    in patients with COVID-19. However, its effect on healthy subjects remains unknown. To address this gap before extending research to healthy humans, we first examined its effects in healthy animal models.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    A miniature low-field thoracic magnetic stimulation (LF-ThMS) device, also referred to as a pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) system, was developed using two 30-turn coils made of 13-gauge magnet wire, encased in nylon sheaths. The coils were powered by a 30 V, 13 A DC source to generate magnetic pulses up to 13.1 mT. A custom control circuit, featuring an ATmega328P microcontroller, relays, and MOSFETs, regulated the pulse frequency and included a safety system to maintain coil temperatures below 38 \u00b0C. The device also featured a user interface for customizable and reproducible operation. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) was monitored using a NONIN 750 pulse oximeter.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The LF-ThMS device successfully generated magnetic flux densities of 10.5, 11.6, and 13.1 mT. However, when we compared SpO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    levels between the control condition (before LF-ThMS) and the SpO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    levels after the LF-ThMS at these intensities, we did not find a statistically significant difference. S\n                    <jats:italic>ignificance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    These results suggest that LF-ThMS may not affect SpO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    in healthy individuals, and the improvements observed in COVID-19 patients could be due to disease-specific mechanisms or other unknown factors, rather than a general physiological effect of LF-ThMS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae2489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T22:47:56Z","timestamp":1764197276000},"page":"015008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Miniaturized low-field thoracic magnetic stimulation device for assessing effects on peripheral oxygen saturation levels in healthy rats"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8640-4002","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jennyfer","family":"Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6086-0684","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saul M","family":"Dominguez-Nicolas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8831-0996","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jorge","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amira","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3277-0101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elias","family":"Manjarrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bpexae2489bib1","first-page":"84","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Primenenie impul\u2019snogo magnitnogo polia pri lechenii krasno\u012d volchanki [The use of a pulsed magnetic field in the treatment of lupus erythematosus]","volume":"67","author":"Khamaganova","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ter Arkh."},{"key":"bpexae2489bib2","first-page":"29","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Efficacy of dynamic magnetotherapy with modulation frequency 10 Hz in the complex of spa rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy","volume":"4","author":"Gurova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult."},{"key":"bpexae2489bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s11055-009-9206-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Efficacy of transcranial magnetotherapy in the complex treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Staroverov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci. 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