{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T20:26:30Z","timestamp":1774383990521,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study investigates Specific Absorbed Fractions (SAFs) for internal dosimetry using a dynamic 4D XCAT phantom to quantify the influence of physiological motion. The model incorporates 13 respiratory phases over a normal 5.2\u00a0s cycle, with voxel-based material definition, and additionally includes cardiac beating within the same framework. Respiratory motion was found to significantly affect lung dosimetry. The self-absorbed fraction in the lungs showed the largest variation, reaching 13.74% at 2.018\u00a0MeV. Cross-irradiation of nearby organs was also sensitive to breathing motion, with relative SAF differences of 11.90% for the liver and 12.77% for the stomach between the start and end of inhalation. In contrast, dense abdominal organs exhibited limited variation in self-irradiation scenarios. The liver showed a maximum change of 0.79% for monoenergetic photons and 0.25% for electrons. Electron self-irradiation in the lungs displayed moderate sensitivity to motion, with variations up to 5.16%, consistent with the short penetration range of electrons. Comparison between GATE\/Geant4 and MCNPX simulations demonstrated good agreement, confirming the robustness of the Monte Carlo framework. A novel aspect of this work is the inclusion of cardiac motion. Although its dosimetric impact was secondary, the maximum variation induced by heart motion reached 0.314%, representing a previously unquantified physiological contribution. Overall, these findings demonstrate that motion-resolved modeling improves the realism of SAF calculations and reduces uncertainties associated with static phantoms, providing a methodological basis for more accurate and individualized internal dose assessment. Clinically, these results can enhance personalized radionuclide therapy planning, optimize organ-specific dose estimation in PET\/SPECT imaging, and support safer and more effective nuclear medicine procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae4df3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T22:48:03Z","timestamp":1772750883000},"page":"025049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of SAF calculations using GATE\/Geant4 and MCNPX: impact of respiratory and cardiac motion in a 4D Voxelized Phantom for internal dosimetry"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7652-6346","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"ATI","family":"Moncef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bpexae4df3bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12693\/APhysPolA.132.476","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The chronic dose assessment of three critical organs for liver scintigraphy using cr-51","volume":"132","author":"Maranci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Pol. A"},{"key":"bpexae4df3bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/62\/5\/1885","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Internal dosimetry with the monte carlo code gate: validation using the icrp\/icru female reference computational model","volume":"62","author":"Villoing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"bpexae4df3bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12010194","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effects of Respiratory Motion on Y-90 PET Dosimetry for SIRT","volume":"12","author":"Walker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"bpexae4df3bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icrp.2008.08.003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Radiation Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals - Addendum 3 to ICRP Publication 53","volume":"38","author":"ICRP","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. ICRP"},{"key":"bpexae4df3bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.net.2021.08.027","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Iodine-131 s values for use in organ dose estimation of korean patients in radioiodine therapy","volume":"54","author":"Yeom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nuclear Engineering and Technology"},{"key":"bpexae4df3bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncv016","type":"journal-article","article-title":"S values for 131i based on the icrp adult voxel phantoms","volume":"168","author":"Lamart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"bpexae4df3bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3631","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/13\/004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Application of the icrp\/icru reference computational phantoms to internal dosimetry: Calculation of specific absorbed fractions of energy for photons and electrons","volume":"55","author":"Hadid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"bpexae4df3bib8","author":"Zaidi","year":"2002","type":"book"},{"key":"bpexae4df3bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.113.122390","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mird pamphlet no. 24: guidelines for quantitative 131I spect in dosimetry applications","volume":"54","author":"Dewaraja","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"bpexae4df3bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-200309000-00006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Physical models and dose factors for use in internal dose assessment","volume":"85","author":"Stabin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"bpexae4df3bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4898118","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of respiratory motion on internal radiation dosimetry","volume":"41","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"bpexae4df3bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39040445","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1399589","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Quantifying dose uncertainties resulting from cardiorespiratory motion in intensity-modulated proton therapy for cardiac stereotactic body radiotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"bpexae4df3bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.122.264230","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mird pamphlet no. 28, part 2: comparative evaluation of mirdcalc dosimetry software across a compendium of diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals","volume":"64","author":"Carter","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"bpexae4df3bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1954\u201368","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2009.2022417","type":"journal-article","article-title":"MCAT to XCAT: The Evolution of 4-D Computerized Phantoms for Imaging Research: Computer models that take account of body movements promise to provide evaluation and improvement of medical imaging devices and technology","volume":"97","author":"Segars","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"key":"bpexae4df3bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-014-0063-3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mrx-cat: realistic numerical phantoms for cardiovascular magnetic resonance","volume":"16","author":"Wissmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance"},{"key":"bpexae4df3bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3331","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/14\/003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Max06 and fax06: update of two adult human phantoms for radiation protection dosimetry","volume":"51","author":"Kramer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"bpexae4df3bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4794178","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Population of anatomically variable 4d xcat adult phantoms for imaging research and optimization","volume":"40","author":"Segars","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"bpexae4df3bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4719","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4926847","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The development of a population of 4D pediatric XCAT phantoms for imaging research and optimization","volume":"42","author":"Segars","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"bpexae4df3bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-5632(03)90969-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Gate (geant4 application for tomographic emission): a pet\/spect general-purpose simulation platform","volume":"125","author":"Strulab","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nuclear Physics B\u2014Proceedings Supplements"}],"container-title":["Biomedical Physics &amp; Engineering Express"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae4df3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae4df3\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae4df3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae4df3\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae4df3\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae4df3\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae4df3\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae4df3\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T16:53:32Z","timestamp":1774371212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae4df3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae4df3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-1976"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-1976","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Comparison of SAF calculations using GATE\/Geant4 and MCNPX: impact of respiratory and cardiac motion in a 4D Voxelized Phantom for internal dosimetry","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2025-04-28","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-03-05","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-03-24","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}