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Phys. Eng. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Electrochemical sensors face critical challenges in achieving ultra-high sensitivity and specificity within complex biological matrices. To address these limitations, this study proposes an integrated electrochemical computational model (IECM), a novel end-to-end framework that couples kinetics, electrochemistry, and signal amplification sub-modules to predict and optimize sensor performance. Unlike previous descriptive reviews, this work validates the IECM through rigorous experimentation using reduced graphene oxide MXene\/ anchors gold nanoparticles nanocomposite interfaces. The limit of detection was determined based on the standard definition (3sigma\/slope, where sigma is the standard deviation of the blank signal), yielding exceptionally low values of 0.12 fg ml\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    for prostate-specific antigen and 5.0 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u221218<\/jats:sup>\n                    M for microRNA-21, with corresponding calibration curve slopes confirming high signal-to-noise ratios. In complex matrices such as serum and saliva, the sensor demonstrated robust anti-interference capabilities, achieving recovery rates of 92.0% \u00b1 3.5% and cross-reactivity rates below 3.5%. Long-term stability tests indicated a signal retention of 68.7% after 8 weeks under moderate storage conditions. Furthermore, double-blind clinical trials against gold-standard assays revealed a high concordance rate (\u03ba = 0.93), confirming the model\u2019s predictive accuracy and the sensor\u2019s clinical potential. This research establishes a unified computational-experimental paradigm for the rational design of next-generation biosensors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae6c2e","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T22:48:30Z","timestamp":1778626110000},"page":"035034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A unified computational-experimental paradigm for rational design of next-generation electrochemical biosensors: the IECM framework"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Cong","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinxiang Institute of Engineering"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinxiang Institute of Engineering"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinxiang Institute of Engineering"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4811-3883","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Henan Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bpexae6c2ebib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202501723","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Graphene-enhanced plasmonic interfaces: a general strategy for highly sensitive detection of biomolecular interactions","volume":"14","author":"Hasnain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. 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All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2025-12-08","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-05-12","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-05-22","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}