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Phys. Eng. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    A multifrequency electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system was evaluated for its ability to detect conductive inclusions simulating carcinomas in breast phantoms, with a comparative analysis of time-difference (TD) and frequency-difference (FD) reconstruction approaches. The proposed EIT V5 system employs two concentric rings of 16 electrodes to acquire surface voltage measurements at multiple excitation frequencies (50 kHz, 500 kHz, and 1 MHz). Image reconstruction was performed using the linear back projection algorithm, and system performance was quantitatively assessed through spatial overlap metrics (intersection over union, IoU, and\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    1-score), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and confusion-matrix-derived metrics (sensitivity, specificity, and precision). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was also computed as a pixel-level, threshold-independent separability metric. Experimental phantoms were designed to approximate breast tissue composition, consisting primarily of adipose material with embedded conductive inclusions representing tumors. The results show that FD EIT consistently outperforms TD reconstruction across all evaluated scenarios, achieving higher CNR values (&gt;2.4) and improved spatial agreement (IoU and\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    1-score), while TD reconstructions exhibit significant variability and reduced contrast at lower frequencies. Although high AUC values (&gt;0.99) are observed for the FD approach, these should be interpreted as indicators of conductivity separability within individual reconstructions rather than diagnostic performance. Reconstructions obtained from the lower electrode ring demonstrate increased sensitivity, highlighting the influence of electrode geometry and inclusion proximity on detection performance. Importantly, FD reconstructions enhance contrast between conductive inclusions and surrounding tissue without requiring a prior baseline measurement. These findings indicate that multifrequency, FD EIT provides a robust and reliable approach for detecting conductive anomalies in controlled phantom conditions, reducing reconstruction artifacts and improving tissue discrimination. The proposed methodology shows strong potential as an auxiliary tool for early breast cancer detection, intracranial hemorrhage monitoring, and the development of wearable biomedical imaging systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae7117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T22:48:20Z","timestamp":1779403700000},"page":"035059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative study of time- and frequency-difference electrical impedance tomography for breast cancer detection"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3047-1519","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gutierrez Lopez","family":"Marcos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnologico de Morelia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7898-604X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gutierrez Gnecchi","family":"Jose Antonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnologico de Morelia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7201-1011","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yang","family":"Wuqiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, The University of Manchester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3374-0059","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Reyes Archundia","family":"Enrique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnologico de Morelia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodriguez Herrejon","family":"Javier Alejandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnologico de Morelia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5687-0826","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robledo Ayala","family":"Alejandro Israel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnologico de Morelia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1122-497X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Garcia","family":"Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aucklan University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bpexae7117bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2528\/PIER20120401","type":"journal-article","volume":"169","author":"Zong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. 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