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Phys. Eng. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Reaction-enhanced radiotherapy (RER) aims to improve the therapeutic ratio of particle therapy by exploiting isotope-specific nuclear reactions that generate localized high-linear energy transfer secondary radiation. Absorbed dose remains the central metric for radiotherapy planning and evaluation; however, RER introduces additional verification requirements related to nuclear-reaction data, mixed-field transport, isotope delivery, and measurable secondary-field observables. This review frames RER as a verification-oriented physics problem built on three interdependent pillars: covariance-aware nuclear data, high-fidelity Monte Carlo transport, and reaction-specific secondary-field monitoring. Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is treated as the clinically mature benchmark for RER, whereas PBCT and the emerging\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>\n                        \n                      <\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:msup>\n                            <mml:mrow\/>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mn>15<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:msup>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    N\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>\n                        \n                      <\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mml:mo>\n                          <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                          <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                          <mml:mi>\u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n                          <mml:msup>\n                            <mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mml:mo>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mn>12<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:msup>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    C-based proton-carbon-alpha therapy (Proton-CAT) are discussed as early-stage comparative cases. BNCT has the strongest clinical evidence base, while PBCT remains constrained by narrow resonances, low reaction yield, and limited observability. Proton-CAT provides a candidate 4.439 MeV prompt-\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>\n                        \n                      <\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mi>\u03b3<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    observable whose verification value still requires detector-level validation and delivery\/selectivity assessment. Overall, clinically credible RER requires coordinated progress in uncertainty-aware nuclear data, detector-integrated transport modeling, isotope delivery and tumor-to-normal biodistribution assessment, and high-sensitivity radiation monitoring for therapy verification.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae81bd","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T22:48:09Z","timestamp":1782341289000},"page":"042001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A verification-oriented review of reaction-enhanced radiotherapy: linking nuclear data, transport modeling, and measurable observables"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3693-0347","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dechao","family":"An","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lang","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junxiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan University"},{"name":"Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianle","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhencen","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhimin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bpexae81bdbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.14338\/IJPT-22-00002.1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A review of boron neutron capture therapy: its history and current challenges","volume":"9","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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