{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T06:58:50Z","timestamp":1785135530990,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key R&D Program of Shandong Province","award":["2024KJHZ013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024KJHZ013"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62461048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62461048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Key R&D and Achievement Transformation Program of Inner Mongolia","award":["2025YFHH0225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025YFHH0225"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This work proposes a 2.45GHz non-invasive microwave lipolysis system, aimed at addressing two critical challenges in current microwave lipolysis technology: low coupling efficiency caused by strong reflection at the skin interface, and electromagnetic loss introduced by the cooling front end. The system employs a side-fed tangentially radiating waveguide antenna combined with an integrated gradient-index cooling lens (I-GRIN). By suppressing the normal electric-field component, the specific absorption rate peak is concentrated at the skin\u2013adipose interface, reducing off-target energy deposition in deeper tissues. Compared with conventional microwave lipolysis, this approach achieves higher precision in ablating the targeted tissue. The antenna is miniaturized using metamaterial loading and is integrated with the I-GRIN lens. The lens is fabricated using polymethyl methacrylate as the scaffold, with internally graded water-filled cavities to achieve dual functionality: providing low-temperature surface cooling via circulating deionized water, and optimizing impedance matching between the antenna and the skin, thereby enhancing near-field focusing. This design significantly reduces the electromagnetic loss associated with the addition of a cooling front end in conventional microwave lipolysis systems. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that, under an input power of 10 W, the system can generate a nearly uniform thermal region of approximately 50\u202f\u00b0C at a depth of 10 mm in subcutaneous adipose tissue within 5 min.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae8451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T22:47:53Z","timestamp":1782859673000},"page":"045042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metamaterial-loaded waveguide antenna with integrated gradient-index cooling lens for abdominal subcutaneous adipose ablation"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3093-9541","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1518-962X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yongxing","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4797-6476","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ling","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangnan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan Waferchip Semiconductor Co Ltd."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangnan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan Waferchip Semiconductor Co Ltd."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bpexae8451bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2505819","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Overweight and obesity\u2014capturing the whole picture","volume":"392","author":"Aroda","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"bpexae8451bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.24134","type":"journal-article","article-title":"One hundred-year secular trends of overweight and obesity in China: effects of age, period, and cohort","volume":"32","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"bpexae8451bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15929","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Noninvasive lipolysis modalities in aesthetic medicine","volume":"22","author":"Wolska","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"bpexae8451bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-023-03647-x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Non-invasive body contouring technologies: an updated narrative review","volume":"48","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aesthet. Surg. J."},{"key":"bpexae8451bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3701","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-024-04091-1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A novel approach for treating lipomas: percutaneous microwave ablation combined with liposuction","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aesthet. Surg. J."},{"key":"bpexae8451bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics12020042","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Efficacy of a new non-invasive system delivering microwave energy for the treatment of abdominal adipose tissue: results of an immunohistochemical study","volume":"12","author":"Zappia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cosmetics"},{"key":"bpexae8451bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00105-023-05200-y","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ergebnisse zur Reduzierung von subkutanem Fettgewebe mithilfe eines neuartigen, auf Mikrowellentechnologie basierenden body-contouring-systems","volume":"74","author":"Bonan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Die Derm."},{"key":"bpexae8451bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3489","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2017.2700164","type":"journal-article","article-title":"3-D focused microwave hyperthermia for breast cancer treatment with experimental validation","volume":"65","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"bpexae8451bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-024-01927-3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Percutaneous microwave ablation of HCC: comparison between 100 and 150 W technology systems","volume":"129","author":"Lanza","year":"2024","journal-title":"La Radiol. Med"},{"key":"bpexae8451bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.70040","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Design of nonstandard waveguide slot array antenna for high-power applications","volume":"36","author":"Vijaya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."},{"key":"bpexae8451bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108924","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A feasibility study of liver conformal therapy based on minimally invasive steam interventional thermal ablation: design, simulation, and experimental research","volume":"164","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"bpexae8451bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17081264","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evaluating pre-interventional administration of a liver-specific contrast agent during MRI-guided thermal ablation of malignant liver lesions","volume":"17","author":"Ashkar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"bpexae8451bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202506790","type":"journal-article","article-title":"GHz-speed wavefront shaping metasurface modulators enabled by resonant electro-optic nanoantennas","volume":"37","author":"Dagli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"bpexae8451bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-022-00472-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Manipulating polaritons at the extreme scale in van der Waals materials","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Phys."},{"key":"bpexae8451bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4380","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39818-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Arbitrary aperture synthesis with nonlocal leaky-wave metasurface antennas","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"bpexae8451bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16112095","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Using patient-specific 3D modeling and simulations to optimize microwave ablation therapy for liver cancer","volume":"16","author":"Heshmat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"bpexae8451bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112175","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Advancements in microwave ablation for tumor treatment and future directions","volume":"28","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"bpexae8451bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-024-03811-z","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Performance of an anti-phase technology-powered microwave ablation system on ex vivo liver, lung and kidney: analysis of temperature trend, ablation size and sphericity","volume":"47","author":"Namakshenas","year":"2024","journal-title":"CVIR"},{"key":"bpexae8451bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1039\/D4TB02319F","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Synergistic microwave hyperthermia treatment for subcutaneous deep in situ breast cancer using conformal array antennas and a microwave-thermal-sensitive nanomaterial","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mat. Chem. B"},{"key":"bpexae8451bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coco.2023.101804","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Micro-crosslinked polyimide nanocomposites with low dielectric constant and low dielectric loss for microwave antenna with molecular dynamics","volume":"46","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Compos. Commun."},{"key":"bpexae8451bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57569-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Quantifying the distinct role of plasmon enhancement mechanisms in prototypical antenna-reactor photocatalysts","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"bpexae8451bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-023-00300-z","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Development of metasurface based hyperthermia lens applicator for heating of cancerous tissues","volume":"14","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Lett."},{"key":"bpexae8451bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01599-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Experimental analysis of metamaterial integrated applicator for hyperthermia cancer treatment","volume":"15","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"bpexae8451bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.20418","type":"journal-article","article-title":"On the general energy-absorption mechanism in the human tissue","volume":"43","author":"Kivek\u00e4s","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"bpexae8451bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/pj.2010.105","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of organic\u2013inorganic microcomposite cylindrical GRIN lens","volume":"42","author":"Nihei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. J."},{"key":"bpexae8451bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126880","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Thermal analysis of dual-phase-lag model in a two-dimensional plate subjected to a heat source moving along elliptical trajectories","volume":"244","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"bpexae8451bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2024.127384","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Critical review and perspectives on recent progresses in 3D printing processes, materials, and applications","volume":"308","author":"Ree","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polymer."},{"key":"bpexae8451bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.526106","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ray-transfer matrix for GRIN lenses: application to the crystalline lens","volume":"41","author":"Barion","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A."},{"key":"bpexae8451bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2024.155548","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Low-profile dielectric grooved GRIN lens for broadband millimeter-wave applications","volume":"187","author":"Dudek","year":"2024","journal-title":"AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"bpexae8451bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/43\/5\/055404","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Gradient index metamaterials realized by drilling hole arrays","volume":"43","author":"Mei","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phy. D: Appl. Phys."},{"key":"bpexae8451bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6165","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2021.3061593","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Body-matched gradient index lens antenna for electromagnetic torso scanner","volume":"69","author":"Rezaeieh","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"bpexae8451bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811353-0.00069-5","type":"book","article-title":"Dielectric properties of biological tissues; variation with age","author":"Gabriel","year":"2018"},{"key":"bpexae8451bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15112609","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Hydration status in older adults: current knowledge and future challenges","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"bpexae8451bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2023.124698","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Modified Pennes bioheat equation with heterogeneous blood perfusion: a newer perspective","volume":"218","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"bpexae8451bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312343","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Design of multi-modal antenna arrays for microwave hyperthermia and 1H\/19F MRI monitoring of drug release","volume":"19","author":"Hernandez","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bpexae8451bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6592","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146592","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Comparison of microwave hyperthermia applicator designs with FORA dipole and connected array","volume":"23","author":"Yildiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Biomedical Physics &amp; Engineering Express"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae8451","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae8451\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae8451","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae8451\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae8451\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae8451\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae8451\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae8451\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:59:42Z","timestamp":1785131982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae8451"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae8451","relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-1976"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-1976","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Metamaterial-loaded waveguide antenna with integrated gradient-index cooling lens for abdominal subcutaneous adipose ablation","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-04-20","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-06-30","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-07-27","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}