{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:46:19Z","timestamp":1790660779236,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SFB 1451 - Key mechanisms of motor control in hea"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB 1451 - Key mechanisms of motor control in hea"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Handgrip strength (HGS) is a significant biomarker for overall health, offering a simple, cost-effective method for assessing muscle function. Lower HGS is linked to higher mortality, functional decline, cognitive impairments, and chronic diseases. Considering the influence of anthropometrics and demographics on HGS, this study aims to develop a corrected HGS score using machine learning (ML) models to enhance its utility in understanding brain health and disease. Using UK Biobank data, sex-specific ML models were developed to predict HGS based on three anthropometric variables and age. A novel biomarker,\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \u0394<\/mml:mi>\n \n HGS<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n , was introduced as the difference between true HGS (i.e. directly measured HGS) and bias-free predicted HGS. The neural basis of true HGS and\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \u0394<\/mml:mi>\n \n HGS<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n was investigated by correlating them with regional gray matter volume (GMV). Statistical analyses were performed to test their sensitivity to longitudinal changes in stroke and major depressive disorder patients compared to matched healthy controls (HC). HGS could be accurately predicted using anthropometric and demographic features with high accuracy using linear support vector machine. Compared to true HGS,\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \u0394<\/mml:mi>\n \n HGS<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n showed high reassessment reliability and stronger, widespread associations with GMV, especially in motor-related regions. Longitudinal analysis revealed that neither HGS nor\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \u0394<\/mml:mi>\n \n HGS<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n effectively differentiated patients from matched HC at post time-point. The proposed\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \u0394<\/mml:mi>\n \n HGS<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n score exhibited stronger correlations with GMV compared to true HGS, suggesting it better represents the relationship between muscle strength and brain structure. While not effective in differentiating patients from HC at post time-point, the increase in\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \u0394<\/mml:mi>\n \n HGS<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n from pre to post time-point in patient cohorts may indicate improved utility for monitoring disease progression, treatment efficacy, or rehabilitation effects, warranting further longitudinal validation.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae87ac","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T22:48:51Z","timestamp":1783550931000},"page":"045029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Machine learning-driven correction of handgrip strength: a novel biomarker for neurological and health outcomes in the UK Biobank"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5457-602X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kimia","family":"Nazarzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cologne"},{"name":"Research Centre J\u00fclich"},{"name":"Research Centre J\u00fclich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6363-2759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon B","family":"Eickhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre J\u00fclich"},{"name":"Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1274-5160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Antonopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre J\u00fclich"},{"name":"Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3915-5275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Hensel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cologne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Tscherpel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goethe University Frankfurt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9486-0922","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vera","family":"Komeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre J\u00fclich"},{"name":"Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf"},{"name":"Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4087-8259","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Federico","family":"Raimondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre J\u00fclich"},{"name":"Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4382-3181","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Veronika","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre J\u00fclich"},{"name":"Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1656-720X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Grefkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre J\u00fclich"},{"name":"Goethe University Frankfurt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0289-5480","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kaustubh R","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre J\u00fclich"},{"name":"Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bpexae87acbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02490-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Associations between grip strength, brain structure, and mental health in > 40 000 participants from the UK Biobank","volume":"20","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afr051","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A review of the measurement of grip strength in clinical and epidemiological studies: towards a standardised approach","volume":"40","author":"Roberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.18314","type":"journal-article","article-title":"associations between handgrip strength and dementia risk, cognition, and neuroimaging outcomes in the UK Biobank cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Duchowny","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0921","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Associations between diabetes and both cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality are modified by grip strength: evidence from UK Biobank, a prospective population-based cohort study","volume":"40","author":"Celis-Morales","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3232","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx449","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Association of walking pace and handgrip strength with all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: a UK Biobank observational study","volume":"38","author":"Yates","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14352","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Associations of grip strength and walking pace with mortality in stroke survivors: a prospective study from UK Biobank","volume":"33","author":"Soltanisarvestani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.09.001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Links between physical frailty and regional gray matter volumes in older adults: a voxel-based morphometry study","volume":"20","author":"Nishita","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-024-00500-y","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Hand grip strength as a proposed new vital sign of health: a narrative review of evidences","volume":"43","author":"Vaishya","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03392-x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Lower grip strength and insufficient physical activity can increase depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older European adults: a longitudinal study","volume":"22","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.38632","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Depression and Hand-Grip: unraveling the Association","volume":"15","author":"Ganipineni","year":"n.d.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4273","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124273","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Handgrip strength in young adults: association with anthropometric variables and laterality","volume":"17","author":"Zaccagni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa127","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Brain responsivity provides an individual readout for motor recovery after stroke","volume":"143","author":"Tscherpel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcab227","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab227","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dynamic connectivity predicts acute motor impairment and recovery post-stroke","volume":"3","author":"Bonkhoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312120910358","type":"book","volume":"8","author":"McGrath","year":"2020"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1368052","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Age- and sex-related changes in motor functions: a comprehensive assessment and component analysis","volume":"16","author":"Wunderle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08504-z","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Factors associated with low handgrip strength in older people: data of the study of chronic diseases (edoc-I)","volume":"20","author":"de Ara\u00fajo Amaral","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2023.01.028","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Associations of height, weight, and body mass index with handgrip strength: a Bayesian comparison in older adults","volume":"54","author":"Pua","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2023.09.291","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Association of handgrip strength with blood pressure, waist hip ratio, visceral adiposity index, C-reactive protein among adult population of Kolkata: a hospital based cross-sectional observational study","volume":"58","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.4102\/sajp.v79i1.1923","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Influence of hand dominance, gender, and body mass index on hand grip strength","volume":"79","author":"Agtuahene","year":"2023","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Physiother."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s12593-010-0015-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Age and anthropometric traits predict handgrip strength in healthy normals","volume":"02","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hand Microsurg."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1519\/R-23156.1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Age-related decline in handgrip strength differs according to gender","volume":"21","author":"Vianna","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9876","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-60710-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Sex differences of the association between handgrip strength and health-related quality of life among patients with cancer","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"A framework for confounder considerations in AI-driven precision medicine 2024:2024.02.02.24302198","author":"Komeyer","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.02.02.24302198","type":"other"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775.e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.06.013","type":"journal-article","article-title":"New normative values for handgrip strength: results from the UK Biobank","volume":"14","author":"Spruit","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq140","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The role of the contralesional motor cortex for motor recovery in the early days after stroke assessed with longitudinal fMRI","volume":"21","author":"Rehme","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246870","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A deep learning-based method for grip strength prediction: comparison of multilayer perceptron and polynomial regression approaches","volume":"16","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlpt.2012.07.003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"UK Biobank: current status and what it means for epidemiology","volume":"1","author":"Allen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Policy Technol."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib28","article-title":"UK Biobank: protocol for a large-scale prospective epidemiological resource","author":"Collins","year":"2007","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib29","article-title":"Algorithmicallydefined outcomes(ADOs) 2022","author":"Biobank","year":"2024","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib30","article-title":"First occurrence of health outcomes 2019","author":"Biobank","year":"2024","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2020.145","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Multiple measures of depression to enhance validity of major depressive disorder in the UK Biobank","volume":"7","author":"Glanville","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby034","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Grip strength is associated with cognitive performance in schizophrenia and the general population: a UK Biobank study of 476559 participants","volume":"44","author":"Firth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.10.183","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Measurement properties of the hand grip strength assessment: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Bobos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.43.7.444","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Grip strength and hand dominance: challenging the 10% rule","volume":"43","author":"Petersen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14051542","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Machine learning-based model for grip strength prediction in healthy adults: a nationwide dataset-based study","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1072684","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Relationship between age and handgrip strength: proposal of reference values from infancy to senescence","volume":"10","author":"G\u00f3mez-Campos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib37","article-title":"Julearn: an easy-to-use library for leakage-free evaluation and inspection of ML models 2023","author":"Hamdan","type":"preprint"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.5555\/1953048.2078195","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Scikit-learn: machine learning in python","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib39","article-title":"Fast heuristics for the estimation of the C constant of A. n.d","author":"R","year":"2024","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Young","year":"2017","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315154701","type":"book"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102063","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Bias-adjustment in neuroimaging-based brain age frameworks: a robust scheme","volume":"24","author":"Beheshti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2307\/2532051","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate reproducibility","volume":"45","author":"Lin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","type":"journal-article","article-title":"UK Biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age","volume":"12","author":"Sudlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4393","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Multimodal population brain imaging in the UK Biobank prospective epidemiological study","volume":"19","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.034","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Image processing and quality control for the first 10 000 brain imaging datasets from UK Biobank","volume":"166","author":"Alfaro-almagro","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3262","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03262","type":"journal-article","article-title":"DataLad: distributed system for joint management of code, data, and their relationship","volume":"6","author":"Halchenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01163-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"FAIRly big: a framework for computationally reproducible processing of large-scale data","volume":"9","author":"Wagner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx179","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Local-global parcellation of the human cerebral cortex from intrinsic functional connectivity MRI","volume":"28","author":"Schaefer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00711-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Topographic organization of the human subcortex unveiled with functional connectivity gradients","volume":"23","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.01.045","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A probabilistic MR atlas of the human cerebellum","volume":"46","author":"Diedrichsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-3998","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Propensity score matching with R: conventional methods and new features","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.23.100901.140546","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The importance of the normality assumption in large public health data sets","volume":"23","author":"Lumley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986017004315","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Summarizing monte carlo results in methodological research: the one- and two-factor fixed effects ANOVA cases","volume":"17","author":"Harwell","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Educ. Stat."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543042003237","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Consequences of failure to meet assumptions underlying the fixed effects analyses of variance and covariance","volume":"42","author":"Glass","year":"1972","journal-title":"Rev. Educ. Res."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib55","author":"Salkind","year":"2010","type":"book"},{"key":"bpexae87acbib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17795\/mejrh-33860","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Hand grip strength in low, medium, and high body mass index males and females","volume":"3","author":"Liao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Middle East J. Rehabil. Health Stud."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-016-0381-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Gender differences in the association between grip strength and mortality in older adults: results from the KORA-age study","volume":"16","author":"Arvandi","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220886","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Handgrip strength is related to hippocampal and lobar brain volumes in a cohort of cognitively impaired older adults with confirmed amyloid burden","volume":"91","author":"Meysami","year":"n.d.","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328312c37d","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity\u2014definition, etiology and consequences","volume":"11","author":"Stenholm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2530","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Development of grip strength during the first year after stroke","volume":"51","author":"Stock","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14769","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Gender differences in post-stroke functional outcome at discharge from an intensive rehabilitation hospital","volume":"28","author":"Poggesi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"bpexae87acbib62","first-page":"12","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The link between depression and physical symptoms","volume":"6","author":"Trivedi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prim. Care Companion J. Clin. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae87ac","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae87ac\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae87ac","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae87ac\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae87ac\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae87ac\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae87ac\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae87ac\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T06:21:21Z","timestamp":1784269281000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae87ac"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae87ac","relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-1976"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-1976","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Machine learning-driven correction of handgrip strength: a novel biomarker for neurological and health outcomes in the UK Biobank","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-02-03","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-07-08","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-07-17","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}