{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:02:15Z","timestamp":1792785735876,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) of Taiwan","award":["NSTC 113-2221-E-032-022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2221-E-032-022"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02kv4zf79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background.<\/jats:italic>\n Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, and the cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) used to assess it requires localising the optic disc and faintly bounded cup. Attention modules are frequently proposed for this task, but of six such studies meeting a pre-stated rule, none reported their number of training runs or any run-to-run variability.\n Methods.<\/jats:italic>\n We evaluate a contour-guided attention module whose spatial map comes from a fixed, non-learned contour operator applied to the input image rather than an intermediate feature map, refined by zero-initialised convolutions and injected at P3, P4 and P5 so that each block is exactly the identity at initialisation. We measure the seed-noise floor over 310 baseline runs across seven YOLOv9, YOLOv12 and YOLO26 architectures, then run pre-registered, fixed-sample, fresh-seed paired comparisons and zero-shot evaluation on REFUGE.\n Results.<\/jats:italic>\n The seed alone moves baseline mAP50 across a range of\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n 0.051<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n , and seed matching across arms gives essentially no variance reduction, so ten paired seeds resolve only\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n +<\/mml:mo>\n 0.006<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n to\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n +<\/mml:mo>\n 0.018<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n mAP50, the order of gains those studies attribute to attention. Against that floor the module improved YOLOv12m in two pre-registered blocks of\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n 30<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n fresh-seed pairs (\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \u0394<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n mAP50\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n =<\/mml:mo>\n +<\/mml:mo>\n 0.0033<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ,\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n 0.0079<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n and\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n +<\/mml:mo>\n 0.0025<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ,\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n 0.0439<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ;\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \u0394<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n mAP50-95 null in both), entirely optic-cup driven and confined to intersection over union (IoU)\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n 0.50<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n , where cup AP is near\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n 0.97<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n against\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n 0.03<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n at IoU\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n 0.90<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n .\n Conclusion.<\/jats:italic>\n The module yields a small, replicated, optic-cup-specific gain at IoU\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n 0.5<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n on one architecture, with no evidence of improved boundary precision and none of generality. No clinical benefit follows: on a box-derived CDR proxy the module is a precise null. The noise floor is the more transferable result, fixing the sample sizes at which such gains become checkable and showing that single-run and few-seed comparisons cannot support them.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ae9bca","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T22:48:47Z","timestamp":1787179727000},"page":"055025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Contour-guided attention across YOLO architectures for optic structure detection"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5635-536X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shih-Hsin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tamkang University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Imiye Franck Eleazar","family":"Yaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tamkang University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1060-9149","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chao-Wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cheng Ching Eye Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yeong-Cheng","family":"Liou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bpexae9bcabib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.013","type":"journal-article","volume":"121","author":"Tham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bpexae9bcabib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3192","type":"journal-article","volume":"311","author":"Weinreb","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bpexae9bcabib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200927030-00002","type":"journal-article","volume":"27","author":"Fiscella","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacoecon."},{"key":"bpexae9bcabib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59081441","type":"journal-article","volume":"59","author":"Podnar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"bpexae9bcabib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.11.1579","type":"journal-article","volume":"124","author":"Harizman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. 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Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-06-02","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-08-19","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-09-24","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}