{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T08:01:25Z","timestamp":1789977685345,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["2301688"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2301688"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) offer a unique combination of wide bandgap, high thermal conductivity, and chemical stability that positions them as promising candidates for emerging photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapies; however, their biomedical use has been limited by poor aqueous dispersibility and weak optical response under physiologically compatible excitation. In this work, highly water-dispersible BNNTs were synthesized through sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surface functionalization, enabling, for the first time, a dual-mode optical response under low-intensity visible and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Comprehensive structural and compositional analyses confirmed uniform surfactant adsorption and the emergence of defect-mediated surface states that broaden optical absorption into the visible range. These modified BNNTs exhibited measurable photothermal heating under mild 520 nm excitation and, uniquely, generated potent ROS under UV exposure, leading to strong cytotoxicity even without direct nanotube\u2013cell contact. Biocompatibility assays with PC12 neural cells demonstrated low intrinsic toxicity up to 25\n                    <jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>\n                    g ml\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , while UV -irradiated BNNT supernatants induced marked reductions in viability and pronounced nuclear abnormalities, consistent with apoptosis driven by photochemically generated oxidative species. The discovery that SDS-functionalized BNNTs can be activated through two orthogonal optical pathways at low energy thresholds establishes a novel multifunctional nanoplatform that circumvents limitations of traditional carbon-based nanostructures and high-power actuation methods. These findings highlight the potential of BNNT systems for minimally invasive, synergistic photothermal\u2013photodynamic therapy and underscore the need for future\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    studies to evaluate therapeutic efficacy, biodistribution, and long-term biocompatibility.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/aea4ba","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T22:47:57Z","timestamp":1788994077000},"page":"055017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optical activation of surface-functionalized BNNTs for dual-mode photothermal and photodynamic effects under low-intensity irradiation"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9980-0806","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sagar","family":"Kandel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano-Bio Engineering Laboratory, Southeast Missouri State University"},{"name":"Southeast Missouri State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malsha","family":"Nanayakkara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano-Bio Engineering Laboratory, Southeast Missouri State University"},{"name":"Southeast Missouri State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5138-0168","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Diercks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado School of Mines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0999-4609","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Santaneel","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano-Bio Engineering Laboratory, Southeast Missouri State University"},{"name":"Southeast Missouri State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9033-7306","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Somesree","family":"Mitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bpexaea4babib1","first-page":"2435","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Intratumoral heterogeneity and treatment resistance in aggressive solid tumors: a single-cell genomic analysis","volume":"81","author":"de la Cruz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib2","first-page":"17356","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"Targeted delivery of cisplatin to prostate cancer cells by aptamer functionalized Pt(IV) prodrug-PLGA-PEG nanoparticles","volume":"105","author":"Dhar","year":"2008"},{"key":"bpexaea4babib3","first-page":"215","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Incidence and patterns of radiation-induced second primary malignancies in long-term cancer survivors: a 30-year epidemiological cohort study","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Commun."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2008.08.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Active targeting schemes for nanoparticle systems in cancer therapeutics","volume":"60","author":"Byrne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2025.102863","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Investigation of nanoparticle extravasation pathways in tumor vessel-on-a-chip devices","volume":"69","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"bpexaea4babib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7668","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-2550","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates: a new approach for targeting prostate cancer cells","volume":"64","author":"Farokhzad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2024.1475131","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dual-responsive nanoplatform for integrated cancer diagnosis and therapy: unleashing the power of tumor microenvironment","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1021\/nn900002m","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Impact of nanotechnology on drug delivery","volume":"3","author":"Farokhzad","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"bpexaea4babib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13549","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2232479100","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"Nanoshell-mediated near-infrared thermal therapy of tumors under magnetic resonance guidance","volume":"100","author":"Hirsch","year":"2003"},{"key":"bpexaea4babib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1021\/ja057254a","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cancer cell imaging and photothermal therapy in the near-infrared region by using gold nanorods","volume":"128","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11600","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502680102","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes as multifunctional biological transporters and near-infrared agents for selective cancer cell destruction","volume":"102","author":"Kam","year":"2005"},{"key":"bpexaea4babib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2006.170","type":"journal-article","article-title":"In vivo biodistribution and highly efficient tumour targeting of carbon nanotubes in mice","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6825","DOI":"10.1021\/ja2010175","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ultrasmall reduced graphene oxide with high near-infrared absorbance for photothermal therapy","volume":"133","author":"Robinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2008.111","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice show asbestos-like pathogenicity in a pilot study","volume":"3","author":"Poland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3318","DOI":"10.1021\/nl100996u","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Graphene in mice: ultrahigh in vivo tumor uptake and efficient photothermal therapy","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.12.002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Boron nitride nanotubes radiolabeled with 99mTc: preparation, physicochemical characterization, biodistribution study, and scintigraphic imaging in Swiss mice","volume":"423","author":"Soares","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s00894-020-4305-z","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Boron nitride nanotubes as containers for targeted drug delivery of doxorubicin","volume":"26","author":"Nejad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Model."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1021\/nn1006495","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Boron nitride nanotubes and nanosheets","volume":"4","author":"Golberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"bpexaea4babib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1039\/c0nr00335b","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Recent advancements in boron nitride nanotubes","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"bpexaea4babib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200700179","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Boron nitride nanotubes","volume":"19","author":"Golberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10122435","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Thermal stability and oxidation behavior of boron nitride nanotubes","volume":"10","author":"Kostoglou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"bpexaea4babib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(12)70116-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Low-dimensional boron nitride nanomaterials","volume":"15","author":"Pakdel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"bpexaea4babib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2024.125968","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Exploring boron nitride nanotubes as potential drug delivery vehicles using density functional theory and molecular dynamics\u2014an overview","volume":"413","author":"Krishna","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib24","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Boron nitride nanotubes: unlocking a new frontier in biomedicine","volume":"36","author":"Bhandari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"bpexaea4babib25","first-page":"24754","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Pulmonary toxicity of boron nitride nanomaterials is aspect ratio dependent","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"bpexaea4babib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"art.17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40580-018-0149-y","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Boron nitride nanotubes: synthesis and applications","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Converg."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4818","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm15109j","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Boron nitride nanotubes: synthesis, functionalization and applications","volume":"22","author":"Pakdel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2174\/157341309787314557","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Boron nitride nanotubes: a novel vector for targeted magnetic drug delivery","volume":"5","author":"Ciofani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Nanosci."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2015.01.048","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Folate-grafted boron nitride nanotubes: possible exploitation in cancer therapy","volume":"481","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.21952","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cytocompatibility, interactions, and uptake of polyethyleneimine-coated boron nitride nanotubes by living cells","volume":"101","author":"Ciofani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3800","DOI":"10.1021\/nn200139h","type":"journal-article","article-title":"In vitro investigation of the cellular toxicity of boron nitride nanotubes","volume":"5","author":"Horv\u00e1th","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"bpexaea4babib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201201315","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Boron nitride nanotubes: biocompatibility and potential spill-over effects","volume":"9","author":"Ciofani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"bpexaea4babib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2013.05.031","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cytotoxic evaluation of boron nitride nanotubes in vascular cells","volume":"111","author":"Turco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B"},{"key":"bpexaea4babib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12122069","type":"journal-article","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity of boron nitride nanotubes","volume":"12","author":"Kakarla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"bpexaea4babib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1021\/ja807334b","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Boron nitride nanotubes are noncytotoxic and can be functionalized for biomedical applications","volume":"131","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.14.25","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cytocompatibility evaluation of gum Arabic-coated ultra-pure boron nitride nanotubes on human cells","volume":"9","author":"Ciofani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"bpexaea4babib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6223","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2008.18375","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Preparation of boron nitride nanotubes aqueous dispersions for biological applications","volume":"8","author":"Ciofani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2012.01.049","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A simple approach to covalent functionalization of boron nitride nanotubes","volume":"374","author":"Ciofani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3381183","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Novel properties of boron nitride nanotubes encapsulated with Fe, Co, and Ni nanoclusters","volume":"132","author":"Ghosh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib40","first-page":"2133","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Efficient gate-tunable light-emitting device made of defective boron nitride nanotubes: from ultraviolet to the visible Sci.","volume":"3","author":"Attaccalite","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rep."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib41","first-page":"1859","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Photoluminescence of hexagonal boron nitride: effect of surface oxidation under UV-laser irradiation","volume":"128","author":"Museur","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2019-0123","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Magnetic hyperthermia mediated by boron nitride nanotubes","volume":"14","author":"Cabral","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"bpexaea4babib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6746","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2018.15514","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Theranostic applications of boron nitride nanotubes","volume":"18","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physe.2013.09.019","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Photothermal properties of boron nitride nanotubes","volume":"57","author":"Shakerzadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physica E"},{"key":"bpexaea4babib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2011.02.032","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Boron nitride nanotubes for boron neutron capture therapy","volume":"69","author":"Menichetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"art.82","DOI":"10.3390\/nano7040082","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Boron nitride nanotubes for biomedical imaging and therapy","volume":"7","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"bpexaea4babib47","first-page":"663","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Oxidative stress in cancer","volume":"20","author":"Hayes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"bpexaea4babib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2021.06.015","type":"journal-article","article-title":"ROS homeostasis and metabolism: a dangerous liason in cancer cells","volume":"39","author":"Panieri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11671-009-9465-9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Alternating magnetic field controlled, multifunctional nano-reservoirs: intracellular uptake and improved biocompatibility","volume":"5","author":"Ghosh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3562036","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Excellent biocompatibility of semiconductor quantum dots encased in multifunctional poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) nano-reservoirs and nuclear specific labeling of growing neurons","volume":"98","author":"Ghosh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"bpexaea4babib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7567\/APEX.11.097001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Hybrid photomagnetic modulation of magnetite\/gold-nanoparticle-deposited dextran-covered carbon nanotubes for hyperthermia applications","volume":"11","author":"Sadaphal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Express"},{"key":"bpexaea4babib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8100774","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Photo-magnetic irradiation mediated multimodal therapy of neuroblastoma cells using cluster of multifunctional nanostructures","volume":"8","author":"Atluri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"}],"container-title":["Biomedical Physics &amp; Engineering Express"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/aea4ba","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/aea4ba\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/aea4ba","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/aea4ba\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/aea4ba\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/aea4ba\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/aea4ba\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/aea4ba\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T07:01:56Z","timestamp":1789974116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/aea4ba"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/aea4ba","relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-1976"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-1976","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optical activation of surface-functionalized BNNTs for dual-mode photothermal and photodynamic effects under low-intensity irradiation","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-03-22","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-09-09","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-09-21","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}