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The resulting measurements update the state estimate, while accepted segments update the waveform template. On the PhysioNet 2016 and CirCor DigiScope datasets, the proposed method achieved\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    1 scores of 98.08% and 96.41%, respectively, exceeding the evaluated baselines. Under the strongest oscillatory interference, the corresponding\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    1 scores remained 97.67 \u00b1 0.24% and 96.13 \u00b1 0.26%. Ablation experiments confirmed the complementary contributions of temporal prediction, confidence-guided recovery, adaptive waveform matching, covariance updating, and boundary refinement. The proposed framework provides robust and interpretable online PCG segmentation for downstream cardiac analysis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/aea57f","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T22:47:49Z","timestamp":1789080469000},"page":"055038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Online heart sound segmentation as temporal tracking: a closed-loop prediction\u2013detection\u2013update framework"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yongchao","family":"Huo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5508-4161","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bpexaea57fbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medntd.2026.100430","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Advances in intelligent heart sound auscultation technology","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Med. 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