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Phys. Eng. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Accurate CBCT-to-CT translation is important for image-guided and adaptive radiotherapy in prostate cancer, where treatment-day anatomy can differ substantially from planning CT. Most unsupervised methods are based on 2D slice-wise translation and therefore underuse volumetric context, while fully 3D models are often computationally prohibitive for routine training and deployment. To address this gap, we propose cross-slice attention based medical image translation (CAMIT), an unsupervised framework that incorporates 3D contextual information without full-volume 3D convolution. CAMIT adopts a two-stage strategy: modality-specific autoencoder pretraining to obtain compact latent representations, followed by latent-space domain translation with a cross-slice attention module that models long-range inter-slice dependencies from randomly sampled slices. We evaluated CAMIT on an unpaired pelvic CBCT\/CT dataset (40 training, 5 validation, and 10 testing cases) using both quantitative and qualitative analyses. CAMIT achieved a peak signal-to-noise ratio of 27.45 and an structural similarity index of 0.67, outperforming representative state-of-the-art unsupervised baselines; statistical testing further confirmed significant performance gains. These results indicate that CAMIT provides an effective trade-off between 2D efficiency and 3D contextual modeling, supporting treatment-day anatomical assessment and adaptive workflow guidance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/aea90f","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T06:13:07Z","timestamp":1790316787000},"page":"055026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unsupervised pelvic CBCT-to-CT translation via cross-slice attention for 3D context modeling"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0367-3003","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Huaqiao University"},{"name":"Fujian Province University"},{"name":"Huaqiao University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yunkui","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Pew-Thian","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bpexaea90fbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2288","type":"journal-article","volume":"7","author":"Verellen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. 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