{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T22:37:36Z","timestamp":1793399856473,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792972800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We assemble a three-layer forward model for gold nanoshell photothermal therapy, core\u2013shell Mie absorption, Pennes bioheat transport, and an Arrhenius thermal dose, each benchmarked against an external reference, and use it to maximize necrosis depth subject to a skin-temperature cap. The design variables are core radius, shell thickness, and irradiance at 808 nm; number density is derived per geometry from a fixed delivered gold mass anchored to a measured\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    loading. The Beer\u2013Lambert source deposits heat from both nanoparticle and native tissue absorption and includes self-attenuation, so the deposition shape depends on the design; at fixed geometry the rise is exact in the source amplitude, so envelope inversion pins the safety cap in closed form. The search is a two-arm comparison differing only in the skin boundary condition. For near-surface loading under a common skin-temperature constraint, the no-cooling control admits no viable therapy (necrosis 0), while contact cooling reaches 15.6 mm at a 15\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>\n                        \n                      <\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:msup>\n                            <mml:mo\/>\n                            <mml:mo>\u2218<\/mml:mo>\n                          <\/mml:msup>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    C skin surface. As a secondary, boundary-dependent observation, at each arm\u2019s own safety limit the cooled optimum is 3.6 mm deeper than a control that reaches depth only by heating the skin to about 83\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>\n                        \n                      <\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:msup>\n                            <mml:mo\/>\n                            <mml:mo>\u2218<\/mml:mo>\n                          <\/mml:msup>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    C. The control becomes viable only once a nanoparticle-free skin cap exceeds about 5.6 mm, its surface still at the 45\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>\n                        \n                      <\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:msup>\n                            <mml:mo\/>\n                            <mml:mo>\u2218<\/mml:mo>\n                          <\/mml:msup>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    C cap; cooling remains the deeper arm at every cap thickness tested. Methodologically, omitting self-attenuation makes the necrosis objective appear geometry-independent, whereas resolving it makes particle geometry a design lever comparable to cooling, though the favored geometry is a model-dependent trend rather than a located optimum. The headline depths derive from a homogeneous constant-perfusion model with a ubiquitous nanoparticle distribution rather than a tumor-localized one; the cap sweep relaxes that distribution but not the constant perfusion. All depths are theoretical upper bounds, not clinical predictions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/aeb427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:47:58Z","timestamp":1792018078000},"page":"055068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design of silica-core gold-shell nanoparticles for photothermal breast tumor therapy: a two-arm comparison of surface cooling with nanoparticle self-attenuation"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3272-3679","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Tavangar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Skills and Analysis, Humber Polytechnic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bpexaeb427bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/153303460400300104","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Nanoshell-enabled photonics-based imaging and therapy of cancer","volume":"3","author":"Loo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Technol. 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All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-07-22","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-10-14","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-10-26","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}