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Res. Commun."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of the five strong El Ni\u00f1o since 1980, only recent 2023\/24 event failed to transition into La Ni\u00f1a, whose distinctive evolution poses a significant challenge to 2024 El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation (ENSO) prediction and is the core focus of this study. The primary cause of this exception is an unprecedented zonal wind stress standoff over the equatorial Pacific: persistent, La Ni\u00f1a-triggering eastern Pacific easterlies driven by Northern tropical Atlantic warming met robust resistance from central Pacific westerlies, which were triggered by the spring North Pacific meridional mode and sustained by Southeastern Pacific warming, establishing a formidable barrier against La Ni\u00f1a development. Strong central Pacific thermal damping explains this sustaining effect, as its weakened meridional sea surface temperature (SST) gradient and enhanced wind-evaporation-SST feedback, ultimately suppressing La Ni\u00f1a. The multiple linear regression model also confirms that the wind stress anomaly was the critical suppressing factor, revealing that future ENSO predictions should incorporate atmospheric information from off-equatorial, especially after the predictive power of oceanic warm water volume diminishes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7620\/ae6e20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T22:55:16Z","timestamp":1778799316000},"page":"051020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Westerly anomalies forced by off-equatorial warming prevent the La Ni\u00f1a formation in 2024"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8047-1482","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jia-Yi","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth System Numerical Modeling and Application, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth System Numerical Modeling and Application, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ercae6e20bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2002)015<2205:TABTIO>2.0.CO;2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The atmospheric bridge: the influence of ENSO teleconnections on air-sea interaction over the global oceans","volume":"15","author":"Alexander","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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