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Tissue engineering (TE) principles can offer novel technologies and combinatorial approaches that can better recapitulate the biological OC challenges and complexity in terms of biochemical, mechanical, structural and metabolic gradients, and ultimately can provide biofunctional 3D scaffolds with high reproducibility, versatility and adaptability to each patient\u2019s needs, as it occurs in OC tissue defects. The recent reports and future directions dealing with gradient scaffolds for OCTE strategies are overviewed herein. 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