{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T16:30:32Z","timestamp":1772037032994,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701129600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["41872234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41872234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Jilin Provincial Education Department, China","award":["JJKH20241255KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20241255KJ"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mach. Learn.: Sci. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Over the past half century, apatite fission track (AFT) thermochronometry has been widely used in the studies of thermal histories of Earth\u2019s uppermost crust. The acquired thermal histories in turn can be used to quantify many geologic processes such as erosion, sedimentary burial, and tectonic deformation. However, the current practice of acquiring AFT data has major limitations due to the use of traditional microscopes by human operators, which is slow and error-prone. This study uses the local binary pattern feature based on the OpenCV cascade classifier and the faster region-based convolutional neural network model based on the TensorFlow Object Detection API, these two methods offer a means for the rapid identification and measurement of apatite fission tracks, leading to significant improvements in the efficiency and accuracy of track counting. We employed a training dataset consisting of 50 spontaneous fission track images and 65 Durango standard samples as training data for both techniques. Subsequently, the performance of these methods was evaluated using additional 10 spontaneous fission track images and 15 Durango standard samples, which resulted in higher Precision, Recall, and F1-Score values. Through these illustrative examples, we have effectively demonstrated the higher accuracy of these newly developed methods in identifying apatite fission tracks. This suggests their potential for widespread applications in future apatite fission track research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad0e17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T22:21:27Z","timestamp":1700518887000},"page":"045039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Artificial intelligent identification of apatite fission tracks based on machine learning"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Zuoting","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3928-2132","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shichao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Perry","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xiaopeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hongtao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"mlstad0e17bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1130\/G40232.1","article-title":"Low-temperature thermochronometric constraints on fault initiation and growth in the northern Rio Grande rift, upper Arkansas River valley, Colorado, USA","volume":"46","author":"Abbey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2018.091002","article-title":"Human related-health actions detection using android camera based on tensorflow object detection API","volume":"9","author":"Al-Azzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2019.104330","article-title":"Deep convolutions for in-depth automated rock typing","volume":"135","author":"Baraboshkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsames.2019.102438","article-title":"Apatite LA-ICP-MS U\u2013Pb and fission-track geochronology of the Ca\u00f1o Viejita gabbro in E-Colombia: evidence for Grenvillian intraplate rifting and Jurassic exhumation in the NW Amazonian Craton","volume":"98","author":"Bonilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. South Am. Earth Sci."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.98.6.1159","article-title":"Timing constraints of gold mineralization along the Carlin trend utilizing apatite fission-track, 40Ar\/39Ar, and apatite (U-Th)\/He methods","volume":"98","author":"Chakurian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Econ. Geol."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6718","DOI":"10.1002\/gj.3837","article-title":"Cretaceous exhumation history of the southwestern South China Block: constraints from fission\u2010track thermochronology","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geol. J."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2020.104481","article-title":"Petrographic microfacies classification with deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"142","author":"de Lima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2013.05.008","article-title":"The low-temperature thermochronological record of sedimentary rocks from the central Rovuma Basin (N Mozambique)\u2014constraints on provenance and thermal history","volume":"25","author":"Emmel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gondwana Res."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1126\/science.148.3666.72","article-title":"Fission-track dating of Bed I, Olduvai Gorge","volume":"148","author":"Fleischer","year":"1965","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-021-00865-3","article-title":"Machine learning in Earth and environmental science requires education and research policy reforms","volume":"14","author":"Fleming","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib11","first-page":"1440","article-title":"Fast r-CNN","author":"Girshick","year":"2015"},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00376334","article-title":"Confined fission track lengths in apatite: a diagnostic tool for thermal history analysis","volume":"94","author":"Gleadow","year":"1986","journal-title":"Contrib. Mineral. Petrol."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1144\/SP324.2","article-title":"Coincidence mapping-a key strategy for the automatic counting of fission tracks in natural minerals","volume":"324","author":"Gleadow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geol. Soc."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9622(89)90018-3","article-title":"Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite 4. Quantitative modelling techniques and extension to geological timescales","volume":"79","author":"Green","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chem. Geol. (Isot. Geosci. Sect.)"},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1139\/e03-045","article-title":"Post-Paleocene cooling in the southern Canadian Atlantic region: evidence from apatite fission track models","volume":"40","author":"Grist","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2018.10.017","article-title":"Cenozoic deformation history of the Qilian Shan (Northeastern Tibetan Plateau) constrained by detrital apatite fission-track thermochronology in the northeastern Qaidam Basin","volume":"749","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2541(83)80026-6","article-title":"The zeta age calibration of fission-track dating","volume":"41","author":"Hurford","year":"1983","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib18","article-title":"Batch normalization: accelerating deep network training by reducing internal covariate shift","author":"Ioffe","year":"2015"},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9622(87)90057-1","article-title":"Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite 2. A quantitative analysis","volume":"65","author":"Laslett","year":"1987","journal-title":"Chem. Geol. (Isot. Geosci. Sect.)"},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2022.105081","article-title":"Automatic identification of semi-tracks on apatite and mica using a deep learning method","volume":"162","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4773","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL077870","article-title":"Machine learning seismic wave discrimination: application to earthquake early warning","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2004.10.002","article-title":"A precise 40Ar\u201339Ar reference age for the Durango apatite (U\u2013Th)\/He and fission-track dating standard","volume":"214","author":"Mcdowell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.5194\/gchron-3-383-2021","article-title":"AI-Track-tive: open-source software for automated recognition and counting of surface semi-tracks using computer vision (artificial intelligence)","volume":"3","author":"Nachtergaele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geochronology"},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(95)00067-4","article-title":"A comparative study of texture measures with classification based on featured distributions","volume":"29","author":"Ojala","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45054-8_27","author":"Ojala","year":"2000"},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/0098-3004(93)90084-I","article-title":"The automated counting of fission tracks in an external detector by image analysis","volume":"19","author":"Petford","year":"1993","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3407","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1702421","article-title":"Chemical etching of charged\u2010particle tracks in solids","volume":"33","author":"Price","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2020.116655","article-title":"Apatite (U-Th-Sm)\/He date dispersion: first insights from machine learning algorithms","volume":"554","author":"Recanati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2016.2577031","article-title":"Faster R-CNN: towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks","volume":"39","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1086\/338281","article-title":"Early Cretaceous normal faulting in southern New England: evidence from apatite and zircon fission-track ages","volume":"110","author":"Roden-Tice","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geol."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2117.2004.00239.x","article-title":"Detrital thermochronology\u2013a new perspective on hinterland tectonics, an example from the Andean Amazon Basin, Ecuador","volume":"16","author":"Ruiz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Basin Res."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1080\/14786435908238273","article-title":"Examination of fission fragment tracks with an electron microscope","volume":"4","author":"Silk","year":"1959","journal-title":"Phil. Mag."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2014.09.010","article-title":"Thermal history modelling: HeFTy vs","volume":"139","author":"Vermeesch","year":"2014","journal-title":"QTQt. Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/1359-0189(93)90257-A","article-title":"Testing models of fission track annealing in apatite in a simple thermal setting: site 800, leg 129","author":"Vrolijk","year":"1992"},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2113\/2023\/lithosphere_2023_218","article-title":"Exhumation history of the greater Khingan mountains (NE China) since the late Mesozoic: implications for the tectonic regime change of Northeast Asia","volume":"2023","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lithosphere"},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2018.01.014","article-title":"Mesozoic-Cenozoic exhumation history of the Qimen Tagh Range, northeastern margins of the Tibetan Plateau: evidence from apatite fission track analysis","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gondwana Res."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2021.104799","article-title":"Deep learning of rock images for intelligent lithology identification","volume":"154","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"mlstad0e17bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2020.05.006","article-title":"Big data and machine learning in geoscience and geoengineering: introduction","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geosci. Front."}],"container-title":["Machine Learning: Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad0e17","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad0e17\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad0e17","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad0e17\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad0e17\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad0e17\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad0e17\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad0e17\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T10:23:46Z","timestamp":1701253426000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad0e17"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad0e17","relation":{},"ISSN":["2632-2153"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2632-2153","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Artificial intelligent identification of apatite fission tracks based on machine learning","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2023-05-16","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2023-11-20","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2023-11-28","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}