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Learn.: Sci. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n Machine learning (ML) of phase transitions (PTs) has gradually become an effective approach that enables us to explore the nature of various PTs more promptly in equilibrium and nonequilibrium systems. Unlike equilibrium systems, non-equilibrium systems display more complicated and diverse features because of the extra dimension of time, which is not readily tractable, both theoretically and numerically. The combination of ML and most renowned nonequilibrium model, directed percolation (DP), led to some significant findings. In this study, ML is applied to \n \n \n (<\/mml:mo>\n 1<\/mml:mn>\n +<\/mml:mo>\n 1<\/mml:mn>\n )<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula>-d, even offspring branching annihilating random walks (BAW), whose universality class is not DP-like. The supervised learning of \n \n \n (<\/mml:mo>\n 1<\/mml:mn>\n +<\/mml:mo>\n 1<\/mml:mn>\n )<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula>-d BAW via convolutional neural networks (CNN) results in a more accurate prediction of the critical point than the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation for the same system sizes. The dynamic exponent z<\/jats:italic> and spatial correlation length correlation exponent \n \n \n \n \u03bd<\/mml:mi>\n \n \u22a5<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula> were also measured and found to be consistent with their respective theoretical values. Furthermore, the unsupervised learning of \n \n \n (<\/mml:mo>\n 1<\/mml:mn>\n +<\/mml:mo>\n 1<\/mml:mn>\n )<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula>-d BAW via an autoencoder (AE) gives rise to a transition point, which is the same as the critical point. The latent layer of AE, through a single neuron, can be regarded as the order parameter of the system being properly re-scaled. Therefore, we believe that ML has exciting application prospects in reaction-diffusion systems such as BAW and DP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad27e2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T22:21:40Z","timestamp":1707517300000},"page":"015033","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Supervised and unsupervised learning of \n\t (1+1)\n\t -dimensional even-offspring branching annihilating random walks"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9852-176X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yanyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feiyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1411-1324","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jianmin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"mlstad27e2bib1","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2016"},{"key":"mlstad27e2bib2","article-title":"A jet tagging algorithm of graph network with haarpooling message passing","author":"Ma","year":"2022"},{"key":"mlstad27e2bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"JHEP12(2019)122","DOI":"10.1007\/JHEP12(2019)122","article-title":"A machine learning study to identify spinodal clumping in high energy nuclear collisions","author":"Steinheimer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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