{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T17:03:54Z","timestamp":1770915834623,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719964800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002661","name":"Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["J.0070.21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J.0070.21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["101021812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101021812"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["390783311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["390783311"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DIN2018-009886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DIN2018-009886"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mach. Learn.: Sci. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We describe a software package, TomOpt, developed to optimise the geometrical layout and specifications of detectors designed for tomography by scattering of cosmic-ray muons. The software exploits differentiable programming for the modeling of muon interactions with detectors and scanned volumes, the inference of volume properties, and the optimisation cycle performing the loss minimisation. In doing so, we provide the first demonstration of end-to-end-differentiable and inference-aware optimisation of particle physics instruments. We study the performance of the software on a relevant benchmark scenario and discuss its potential applications. Our code is available on Github (Strong <jats:italic>et al<\/jats:italic> 2024 available at: <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/GilesStrong\/tomopt\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/github.com\/GilesStrong\/tomopt<\/jats:ext-link>).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad52e7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T23:01:06Z","timestamp":1717196466000},"page":"035002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["TomOpt: differential optimisation for task- and constraint-aware design of particle detectors in the context of muon tomography"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Giles C","family":"Strong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9332-8210","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maxime","family":"Lagrange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3150-6488","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aitor","family":"Orio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bordignon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3077-2090","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Florian","family":"Bury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1659-8727","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Dorigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9640-8294","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrea","family":"Giammanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Heikal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1644-7678","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jan","family":"Kieseler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Max","family":"Lamparth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7737-5121","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pablo","family":"Mart\u00ednez Ru\u00edz del \u00c1rbol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4324-2811","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Federico","family":"Nardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7088-8557","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pietro","family":"Vischia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3929-0431","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haitham","family":"Zaraket","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"mlstad52e7bib1","first-page":"455","article-title":"Cosmic rays measure overburden of tunnel","volume":"1","author":"George","year":"1955","journal-title":"Commonwealth Eng."},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1126\/science.167.3919.832","article-title":"Search for hidden chambers in the pyramids","volume":"167","author":"Alvarez","year":"1970","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24647","article-title":"Discovery of a big void in Khufu\u2019s Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons","volume":"552","author":"Morishima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36351-0","article-title":"Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu\u2019s Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons","volume":"14","author":"Procureur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib5","author":"Ol\u00e1h","year":"2022"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1080\/14786440508637080","article-title":"The scattering of \u03b1 and \u03b2 particles by matter and the structure of the atom","volume":"21","author":"Rutherford","year":"1911","journal-title":"London, Edinburgh Dublin Phil. Mag. J. Sci."},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-583X(91)95671-Y","article-title":"Approximations to multiple Coulomb scattering","volume":"58","author":"Lynch","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1038\/422277a","article-title":"Radiographic imaging with cosmic-ray muons","volume":"422","author":"Borozdin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3390\/instruments7010013","article-title":"Cosmic-ray tomography for border security","volume":"7","author":"Barnes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Instruments"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/16\/05\/P05007","article-title":"Material identification in nuclear waste drums using muon scattering tomography and multivariate analysis","volume":"16","author":"Weekes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2014.03.017","article-title":"Horizontal cosmic ray muon radiography for imaging nuclear threats","volume":"330","author":"Morris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib12","author":"International Atomic Energy Agency","year":"2022"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1209\/0295-5075\/116\/48003","article-title":"First cosmic-ray images of bone and soft tissue","volume":"116","author":"Mrdja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Europhys. Lett."},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1209\/0295-5075\/113\/58001","article-title":"Novel approach to imaging by cosmic-ray muons","volume":"113","author":"Bikit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Europhys. Lett."},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11884\/HPLPB201830.180062","article-title":"Discrimination of drugs and explosives in cargo inspections by applying machine learning in muon tomography","volume":"30","author":"Yifan","year":"2018","journal-title":"High Power Laser Part. Beams"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1007\/s41365-022-00989-0","article-title":"A novel 4D resolution imaging method for low and medium atomic number objects at the centimeter scale by coincidence detection technique of cosmic-ray muon and its secondary particles","volume":"33","author":"Xuan-Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucl. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib17","first-page":"292","article-title":"Trends in publishing muography related research: the situation at the end of 2020","volume":"2022","author":"Holma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adv. Instrum. Sci."},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revip.2020.100038","article-title":"Atmospheric muons as an imaging tool","volume":"5","author":"Bonechi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Phys."},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib19","author":"Gaisser","year":"1990"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib20","article-title":"A parametrization of the cosmic-ray muon flux at sea-level","author":"Guan","year":"2015"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217751X18501750","article-title":"Energy and angular distributions of atmospheric muons at the earth","volume":"33","author":"Shukla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mod. Phys. A"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083C01","DOI":"10.1093\/ptep\/ptac097","article-title":"Review of particle physics","volume":"2022","author":"Particle Data Group Collaboration","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys."},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1515\/zna-1948-0203","article-title":"Theorie der streuung schneller geladener teilchen II mehrfach-und vielfachstreuung","volume":"3","author":"Moliere","year":"1948","journal-title":"Z. Nat. A"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.89.1256","article-title":"Moliere\u2019s theory of multiple scattering","volume":"89","author":"Bethe","year":"1953","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib25","article-title":"TomOpt: differential muon tomography optimisation","author":"Strong","year":"2024"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib26","first-page":"pp 8024","article-title":"PyTorch: an imperative style, high-performance deep learning library","volume":"vol 32","author":"Paszke","year":"2019"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/10619127.2021.1881364","article-title":"Toward machine learning optimization of experimental design","volume":"31","author":"Baydin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. News"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revip.2023.100085","article-title":"Toward the end-to-end optimization of particle physics instruments with differentiable programming","volume":"10","author":"Dorigo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Phys."},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib29","article-title":"TOMOPT: differential muon tomography optimisation","author":"Strong","year":"2021"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib30","article-title":"Data Challenge for the 2nd MODE","author":"Strong","year":"2022"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib31","article-title":"TomOpt: differentiable optimisation of muon-tomography detectors","author":"Strong","year":"2022"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9002(03)01368-8","article-title":"Geant4-a simulation toolkit","volume":"506","author":"Agostinelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2006.869826","article-title":"Geant4 developments and applications","volume":"53","author":"Allison","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2016.06.125","article-title":"Recent developments in Geant4","volume":"835","author":"Allison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2007.901239","article-title":"Statistical reconstruction for cosmic ray muon tomography","volume":"16","author":"Schultz","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1140\/epjc\/s10052-019-7113-9","article-title":"Learning representations of irregular particle-detector geometry with distance-weighted graph networks","volume":"79","author":"Qasim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. C"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib37","article-title":"2-level graphs for muon-tomography","author":"Strong","year":"2022"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib38","article-title":"The representation of the cumulative rounding error of an algorithm as a Taylor expansion of the local rounding errors","author":"Linnainmaa","year":"1970"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib39","first-page":"pp 762","article-title":"Applications of advances in nonlinear sensitivity analysis","author":"Werbos","year":"1981"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/323533a0","article-title":"Learning representations by back-propagating errors","volume":"323","author":"Rumelhart","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib41","author":"Hadamard","year":"1908"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib42","first-page":"pp 7","article-title":"Adam: a method for stochastic optimization","author":"Kingma","year":"2015"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib43","first-page":"pp 34","article-title":"Process monitoring: measurement of the metal-slag interface in furnace ladles","volume":"vol 2012","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2022"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib44","first-page":"pp 464","article-title":"Cyclical learning rates for training neural networks","author":"Smith","year":"2017"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2520589","article-title":"Super-convergence: very fast training of neural networks using large learning rates","volume":"11006","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"mlstad52e7bib46","article-title":"disciplined approach to neural network hyper-parameters: part 1 - learning rate, batch size, momentum, and weight decay","author":"Smith","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["Machine Learning: Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad52e7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad52e7\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad52e7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad52e7\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad52e7\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad52e7\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad52e7\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad52e7\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T20:08:14Z","timestamp":1721851694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad52e7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad52e7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2632-2153"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2632-2153","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"TomOpt: differential optimisation for task- and constraint-aware design of particle detectors in the context of muon tomography","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2023-11-17","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-05-31","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-07-03","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}