{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T23:08:54Z","timestamp":1784761734066,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723507200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005156","name":"Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mach. Learn.: Sci. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) models can propose solutions to scientific problems beyond human capability. To truly make conceptual contributions, researchers need to be capable of understanding the AI-generated structures and extracting the underlying concepts and ideas. When algorithms provide little explanatory reasoning alongside the output, scientists have to reverse-engineer the fundamental insights behind proposals based solely on examples. This task can be challenging as the output is often highly complex and thus not immediately accessible to humans. In this work we show how transferring part of the analysis process into an immersive virtual reality (VR) environment can assist researchers in developing an understanding of AI-generated solutions. We demonstrate the usefulness of VR in finding interpretable configurations of abstract graphs, representing Quantum Optics experiments. Thereby, we can manually discover new generalizations of AI-discoveries as well as new understanding in experimental quantum optics. Furthermore, it allows us to customize the search space in an informed way\u2014as a human-in-the-loop\u2014to achieve significantly faster subsequent discovery iterations. As concrete examples, with this technology, we discover a new resource-efficient 3-dimensional entanglement swapping scheme, as well as a 3-dimensional 4-particle Greenberger\u2013Horne\u2013Zeilinger-state analyzer. Our results show the potential of VR to enhance a researcher\u2019s ability to derive knowledge from graph-based generative AI. This type of AI is a widely used abstract data representation in various scientific fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad5fdb","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T13:08:30Z","timestamp":1723554510000},"page":"035045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Virtual reality for understanding artificial-intelligence-driven scientific discovery with an application in quantum optics"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Philipp","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f6ren","family":"Arlt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0545-360X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlos","family":"Ruiz-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0734-432X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xuemei","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1620-9207","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mario","family":"Krenn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-023-00753-8","article-title":"Visualization in virtual reality: a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Korkut","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2018.032421652","article-title":"Belle2VR: a Virtual-Reality visualization of subatomic particle physics in the Belle II experiment","volume":"38","author":"Duer","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevPhysEducRes.16.020119","article-title":"Using virtual reality in electrostatics instruction: the impact of training","volume":"16","author":"Porter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3486","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jchemed.1c00654","article-title":"InteraChem: Virtual Reality visualizer for reactive interactive molecular dynamics","volume":"98","author":"Seritan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.03.018","article-title":"Analyzing the potential of Virtual Reality for engineering design review","volume":"104","author":"Wolfartsberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fusengdes.2020.111906","article-title":"Application of virtual reality technology in nuclear device design and research","volume":"161","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fusion Eng. Des."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2020.07.007","article-title":"Applications of virtual reality in maintenance during the industrial product lifecycle: a systematic review","volume":"56","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-023-00198-y","article-title":"Extended reality for biomedicine","volume":"3","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3122","article-title":"Virtual reality in neuroscience research and therapy","volume":"12","author":"Bohil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2017.2744079","article-title":"A Virtual Reality visualization tool for neuron tracing","volume":"24","author":"Usher","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3474","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11443-y","article-title":"TeraVR empowers precise reconstruction of complete 3-D neuronal morphology in the whole brain","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19885-z","article-title":"The human splenic microcirculation is entirely open as shown by 3D models in virtual reality","volume":"12","author":"Steiniger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8995","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12637-z","article-title":"Group VR experiences can produce ego attenuation and connectedness comparable to psychedelics","volume":"12","author":"Glowacki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib14","first-page":"pp 609","article-title":"Immersive and collaborative data visualization using virtual reality platforms","author":"Donalek","year":"2014"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22570-w","article-title":"The VRNetzer platform enables interactive network analysis in Virtual Reality","volume":"12","author":"Pirch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.14738","article-title":"State of the art of molecular visualization in immersive virtual environments","volume":"42","author":"Kut\u00e1k","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Forum"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eat2731","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aat2731","article-title":"Sampling molecular conformations and dynamics in a multiuser virtual reality framework","volume":"4","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2018.11.013","article-title":"NOMAD VR: Multiplatform virtual reality viewer for chemistry simulations","volume":"237","author":"Garc\u00eda-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Phys. Commun."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmgm.2019.03.010","article-title":"Development of a virtual reality platform for effective communication of structural data in drug discovery","volume":"89","author":"Kingsley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Graph. Modelling"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007747","article-title":"ProteinVR: web-based molecular visualization in virtual reality","volume":"16","author":"Cassidy","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-016-1446-2","article-title":"Virtual reality assisted microscopy data visualization and colocalization analysis","volume":"18","author":"Theart","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2018.06.035","article-title":"Confocalvr: immersive visualization for confocal microscopy","volume":"430","author":"Stefani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-020-0962-1","article-title":"vLUME: 3D virtual reality for single-molecule localization microscopy","volume":"17","author":"Spark","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-020-0946-1","article-title":"Genuage: visualize and analyze multidimensional single-molecule point cloud data in virtual reality","volume":"17","author":"Blanc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40668-018-0023-7","article-title":"Observing supermassive black holes in virtual reality","volume":"5","author":"Davelaar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Astrophys. Cosmol."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2864508","article-title":"Gaia Sky: navigating the Gaia catalog","volume":"25","author":"Sagrista","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2019.100352","article-title":"E0102-VR: Exploring the scientific potential of Virtual Reality for observational astrophysics","volume":"30","author":"Baracaglia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Astron. Comput."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib28","first-page":"pp 152","article-title":"Using visualization of convolutional neural networks in virtual reality for machine learning newcomers","author":"Meissler","year":"2019"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib29","first-page":"pp 33","article-title":"An immersive node-link visualization of artificial neural networks for machine learning experts","author":"Bellgardt","year":"2020"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib30","first-page":"pp 251","article-title":"AIive: interactive visualization and sonification of neural networks in Virtual Reality","author":"Lyu","year":"2021"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-021-10088-y","article-title":"Explainable artificial intelligence: a comprehensive review","volume":"55","author":"Minh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.26434\/chemrxiv.12301457.v1","article-title":"Potential non-covalent SARS-CoV-2 3C-like protease inhibitors designed using generative deep learning approaches and reviewed by human medicinal chemist in virtual reality","author":"Zhavoronkov","year":"2020"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2019.01.033","article-title":"Virtual reality: beyond visualization","volume":"431","author":"El Beheiry","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5092590","article-title":"Interactive molecular dynamics in virtual reality from quantum chemistry to drug binding: an open-source multi-person framework","volume":"150","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1594","DOI":"10.1002\/wcms.1594","article-title":"Wielding the power of interactive molecular simulations","volume":"12","author":"Lanrezac","year":"2022","journal-title":"WIREs Comput. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2022.2079632","article-title":"The emerging potential of interactive virtual reality in drug discovery","volume":"17","author":"Walters","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Opin. Drug Discovery"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43523-x","article-title":"Free energy along drug-protein binding pathways interactively sampled in virtual reality","volume":"13","author":"Deeks","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0015950","article-title":"Training atomic neural networks using fragment-based data generated in virtual reality","volume":"153","author":"Amabilino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7610","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87004-5","article-title":"A virtual reality interface for the immersive manipulation of live microscopic systems","volume":"11","author":"Ferretti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.119.240403","article-title":"Quantum experiments and graphs: multiparty states as Coherent superpositions of perfect matchings","volume":"119","author":"Krenn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.99.032338","article-title":"Quantum experiments and graphs. III. high-dimensional and multiparticle entanglement","volume":"99","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4147","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1815884116","article-title":"Quantum experiments and graphs II: quantum interference, computation and state generation","volume":"116","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-022-00199-z","article-title":"Network cartographs for interpretable visualizations","volume":"2","author":"H\u00fctter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.11.031044","article-title":"Conceptual understanding through efficient automated design of quantum optical experiments","volume":"11","author":"Krenn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. X"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1119\/1.16243","article-title":"Bell\u2019s theorem without inequalities","volume":"58","author":"Greenberger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.107.010101","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and machine learning for quantum technologies","volume":"107","author":"Krenn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06221-2","article-title":"Scientific discovery in the age of artificial intelligence","volume":"620","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2","article-title":"Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold","volume":"596","author":"Jumper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02361-0","article-title":"Inside the nascent industry of AI-designed drugs","volume":"29","author":"Arnold","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat2663","article-title":"Inverse molecular design using machine learning: generative models for matter engineering","volume":"361","author":"Sanchez-Lengeling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1039\/C9ME00039A","article-title":"Deep learning for molecular design-a review of the state of the art","volume":"4","author":"Elton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Syst. Des. Eng."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1039\/D2DD00003B","article-title":"Parallel tempered genetic algorithm guided by deep neural networks for inverse molecular design","volume":"1","author":"Nigam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Digit. Discovery"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06735-9","article-title":"Scaling deep learning for materials discovery","volume":"624","author":"Merchant","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2023-08-03-1073","article-title":"Molecular quantum circuit design: a graph-based approach","volume":"7","author":"Kottmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Quantum"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-020-0230-4","article-title":"Computer-inspired quantum experiments","volume":"2","author":"Krenn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Phys."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2023-12-12-1204","article-title":"Digital discovery of 100 diverse quantum experiments with PyTheus","volume":"7","author":"Ruiz-Gonzalez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Quantum"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-005-5000-4","article-title":"A contextual approach to scientific understanding","volume":"144","author":"De Regt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib58","author":"De Regt","year":"2017"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-022-00518-3","article-title":"On scientific understanding with artificial intelligence","volume":"4","author":"Krenn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Phys."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.116.090405","article-title":"Automated Search for new Quantum Experiments","volume":"116","author":"Krenn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/18\/7\/073033","article-title":"A search algorithm for quantum state engineering and metrology","volume":"18","author":"Knott","year":"2016","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib62","article-title":"Digital discovery of a scientific concept at the core of experimental quantum optics","author":"Arlt","year":"2022"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.118.080401","article-title":"Entanglement by path identity","volume":"118","author":"Krenn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.94.025007","article-title":"Quantum indistinguishability by path identity and with undetected photons","volume":"94","author":"Hochrainer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2011405117","article-title":"Path identity as a source of high-dimensional entanglement","volume":"117","author":"Kysela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-023-01187-z","article-title":"Very-large-scale integrated quantum graph photonics","volume":"17","author":"Bao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37228-y","article-title":"Multiphoton non-local quantum interference controlled by an undetected photon","volume":"14","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.474750","article-title":"On-chip quantum interference between the origins of a multi-photon state","volume":"10","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-020-0193-5","article-title":"Advances in high-dimensional quantum entanglement","volume":"2","author":"Erhard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Phys."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-023-00588-x","article-title":"Progress in quantum teleportation","volume":"5","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Phys."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.88.042101","article-title":"Greenberger-horne-zeilinger theorem for n qudits","volume":"88","author":"Ryu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.89.012105","article-title":"Rotational covariance and greenberger-horne-zeilinger theorems for three or more particles of any dimension","volume":"89","author":"Lawrence","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.494850","article-title":"Preparation of multiphoton high-dimensional GHZ state","volume":"31","author":"Xing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.57.2208","article-title":"Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger-state analyzer","volume":"57","author":"Pan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4287","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.71.4287","article-title":"\u2018event-ready-detectors\u2019 bell experiment via entanglement swapping","volume":"71","author":"\u017bukowski","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.80.3891","article-title":"Experimental entanglement swapping: entangling photons that never interacted","volume":"80","author":"Pan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.57.822","article-title":"Multiparticle generalization of entanglement swapping","volume":"57","author":"Bose","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib78","first-page":"1695","article-title":"The Igraph software package for complex network research interjournal complex systems","author":"Csardi","year":"2005"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-0190(89)90102-6","article-title":"An algorithm for drawing general undirected graphs","volume":"31","author":"Kamada","year":"1989","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Lett."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2020-06-04-279","article-title":"Graph-theoretic simplification of quantum circuits with the ZX-calculus","volume":"4","author":"Duncan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Quantum"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0337-2","article-title":"Machine learning for molecular and materials science","volume":"559","author":"Butler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04586","article-title":"Folding DNA to create nanoscale shapes and patterns","volume":"440","author":"Rothemund","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.2c01045","article-title":"Prediction and control in DNA nanotechnology","volume":"7","author":"DeLuca","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"mlstad5fdbbib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01599-5","article-title":"The promise and pitfalls of the metaverse for science","volume":"7","author":"G\u00f3mez-Zar\u00e1","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."}],"container-title":["Machine Learning: Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad5fdb","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad5fdb\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad5fdb\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad5fdb\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T13:08:35Z","timestamp":1723554515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad5fdb"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad5fdb","relation":{},"ISSN":["2632-2153"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2632-2153","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Virtual reality for understanding artificial-intelligence-driven scientific discovery with an application in quantum optics","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2024-03-08","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-07-05","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-08-13","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}