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Learn.: Sci. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>A real-time detection of the plasma confinement regime can enable new advanced plasma control capabilities for both the access to and sustainment of enhanced confinement regimes in fusion devices. For example, a real-time indication of the confinement regime can facilitate transition to the high-performing wide-pedestal (WP) quiescent H-mode, or avoid unwanted transitions to lower confinement regimes that may induce plasma termination. To demonstrate real-time confinement regime detection, we use the 2D beam emission spectroscopy (BES) diagnostic system to capture localized density fluctuations of long wavelength turbulent modes in the edge region at a 1 MHz sampling rate. BES data from 330 discharges in either L-mode, H-mode, quiescent H (QH)-mode, or WP QH-mode were collected from the DIII-D tokamak and curated to develop a high-quality database to train a deep-learning classification model for real-time confinement detection. We utilize the 6\u00d78 spatial configuration with a time window of 1024 <jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>s and recast the input to obtain spectral-like features via fast Fourier transform preprocessing. We employ a shallow 3D convolutional neural network for the multivariate time-series classification task and utilize a softmax in the final dense layer to retrieve a probability distribution over the different confinement regimes. Our model classifies the global confinement state on 44 unseen test discharges with an average <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> score of 0.94, using only \u223c1 ms snippets of BES data at a time. This activity demonstrates the feasibility for real-time data analysis of fluctuation diagnostics in future devices such as ITER, where the need for reliable and advanced plasma control is urgent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad605e","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T18:42:08Z","timestamp":1720464128000},"page":"035012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Real-time confinement regime detection in fusion plasmas with convolutional neural networks and high-bandwidth edge fluctuation measurements"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8243-4196","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"K","family":"Gill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7465-0976","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"S","family":"Joung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8706-1874","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"B","family":"Geiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2754-9816","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"G","family":"McKee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R","family":"Coffee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A","family":"Jalalvand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4212-3247","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"E","family":"Kolemen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"mlstad605ebib1","volume":"vol 3","author":"Chen","year":"2011"},{"key":"mlstad605ebib2","volume":"vol 149","author":"Wesson","year":"2011"},{"key":"mlstad605ebib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.49.1408","volume":"49","author":"Wagner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Phys. 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