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Learn.: Sci. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Improving the prediction accuracy and stability of non-resonant high-order harmonics energetic particle modes (EPMs) is crucial for achieving tokamak plasmas steady state operation. This study adopts a stacking ensemble learning model for the EPMs prediction. This ensemble model has a 2-layer structure with the base learner and the meta-learner: the first layer, base learners include K-nearest neighbor regression, Extreme Gradient Boosting, gradient boosting regression (GBR), decision tree (DT) and support vector regression (SVR); the second layer, meta-learners output the final result via GBR. The developed stacking model is designed for multi-objective prediction, including the grow rate (<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>) and mode frequency (<jats:italic>\u03c9<\/jats:italic>) of the EPMs. The evaluation results indicate that the performance of the proposed model surpasses most supervised learning algorithms. Specifically, in comparison with the SVR and Bagging algorithms, the growth rate predictions of stacking model reduces Root mean squared error (RMSE) by 45% and 33%, mean absolute error (MAE) by 47% and 32%, and increases the <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>-squared coefficient (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) by 5% and 3%, respectively. Similarly, for the mode frequency predictions, RMSE decreases by 34% and 65%, MAE by 23% and 50%, while <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> improves by 2% and 7%, respectively. In terms of computational cost, the stacking model can conserve more time and expense than kinetic-hybrid simulations of EPMs. Therefore, the proposed model can be well applied to the prediction of the high-energy particle instability phenomenon in tokamak reactors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2632-2153\/adbfdb","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T22:53:53Z","timestamp":1741820033000},"page":"015069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-precision prediction of non-resonant high-order harmonics energetic particle modes via stacking ensemble strategies"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Sheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6512-9023","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Weihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0444-121X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kai","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jinhong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1752-6079","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hongwei","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"mlstadbfdbbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2632-2153\/ac44aa","volume":"3","author":"Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mach. 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