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A wide range of representative damage scenarios is constructed, combining intra-laminar and inter-laminar failures distributed through the laminate thickness. These scenarios are simulated using a pitch-and-catch configuration, where a Gaussian pulse is actuated and responses are collected from three spatially distributed sensors. The resulting noisy dataset is used to train ML models for both regression (damage extent) and classification (failure mode), within a unified learning pipeline utilizing interpretable feature representations. The study also explores the impact of data representation strategies and evaluates model performance through cross-validation. Initial results demonstrate strong predictive capabilities, highlighting the potential of simulation-enhanced, ML-enabled SHM systems for robust diagnostics in complex composite structures, even under minimal data and instrumentation constraints.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2632-2153\/adfb20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T22:52:42Z","timestamp":1755125562000},"page":"035042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A data-lean machine learning approach for damage extent estimation and classification in composite structures under multiple failure modes"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9884-1964","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dimitrios Iason","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2459-589X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Giannakopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7062-9424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vangelis","family":"Karkaletsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5538-2497","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christoforos","family":"Rekatsinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"mlstadfb20bib1","first-page":"8","article-title":"SHM-based fatigue damage prognostics in composite structures","volume":"21","author":"Cot","year":"2016","journal-title":"eJNDT"},{"key":"mlstadfb20bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wavemoti.2021.102752","article-title":"Investigation of critical delamination characteristics in composite plates combining cubic spline piezo-layerwise mechanics and time domain spectral finite elements","volume":"106","author":"Rekatsinas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wave Motion"},{"key":"mlstadfb20bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2016.01.023","article-title":"Evaluation of barely visible indentation damage (BVID) in CF\/EP sandwich composites using guided wave signals","volume":"76\u201377","author":"Mustapha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mech. 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