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Learn.: Sci. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Effectively implementing quantum algorithms on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) processors is a central task in modern quantum technology. NISQ processors feature tens to a few hundreds of noisy qubits with limited coherence times and gate operations with errors, so NISQ algorithms naturally require employing circuits of short lengths via quantum compilation. Here, we evaluate a reinforcement learning (RL)-based quantum compiler on a superconducting processor. Our experiments reveal that for two-qubit circuits, the RL-based compiler surpasses conventional methods, demonstrating its ability to discover hardware-amenable circuits with near-optimal lengths. However, for three-qubit circuits, the RL-based compiler does not achieve unity theoretical fidelity. To address this limitation, we integrate a variational strategy with the RL-based compiler, highlighting their complementary strengths. Systematic experiments show that this variational RL-based compiler consistently identifies near-optimal circuits, even under stringent hardware constraints, outperforming conventional techniques. Furthermore, we analyze the impact of decoherence and gate errors, providing critical insights into the practical performance of RL-based compilers on quantum hardware. These findings exemplify the codesign of the software with hardware for efficient quantum compilation, offering valuable insights for the advancement of RL-based compilers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2632-2153\/ae835e","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T22:55:13Z","timestamp":1782514513000},"page":"045016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantum compiling with reinforcement learning on a superconducting processor"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5248-9077","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Z T","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences"},{"name":"Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of 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