{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:37:14Z","timestamp":1780637834710,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006602","name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FA8650-21-2-1000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA8650-21-2-1000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["1810282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1810282"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuromorph. Comput. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    As computing resource demands continue to escalate in the face of big data, cloud-connectivity and the internet of things, it has become imperative to develop new low-power, scalable architectures. Neuromorphic photonics, or photonic neural networks, have become a feasible solution for the physical implementation of efficient algorithms directly on-chip. This application is primarily due to the linear nature of light and the scalability of silicon photonics, specifically leveraging the wide-scale complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor manufacturing infrastructure used to fabricate microelectronics chips. Current neuromorphic photonic implementations stem from two paradigms: wavelength coherent and incoherent. Here, we introduce a novel architecture that supports coherent\n                    <jats:italic>and<\/jats:italic>\n                    incoherent operation to increase the capability and capacity of photonic neural networks with a dramatic reduction in footprint compared to previous demonstrations. As a proof-of-principle, we experimentally demonstrate simple addition and subtraction operations on a foundry-fabricated silicon photonic chip. Additionally, we experimentally validate an on-chip network to predict the logical 2 bit gates AND, OR, and XOR to accuracies of 96.8%, 99%, and 98.5%, respectively. This architecture is compatible with highly wavelength parallel sources, enabling massively scalable photonic neural networks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/ac8ecc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T18:16:38Z","timestamp":1662142598000},"page":"034012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Massively scalable wavelength diverse integrated photonic linear neuron"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5367-0062","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew","family":"van Niekerk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7315-6039","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hector","family":"Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Leake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Tison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Fanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keren","family":"Bergman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Preble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"nceac8eccbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2017.93","volume":"11","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/jstqe.2020.2975579","volume":"26","author":"Totovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-020-00754-y","volume":"15","author":"Shastri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/jstqe.2019.2941485","volume":"26","author":"Nahmias","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1109\/jproc.2020.2968184","volume":"108","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"nceac8eccbib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/jstqe.2013.2257700","volume":"19","author":"Nahmias","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib7","author":"Shastri","year":"2014"},{"key":"nceac8eccbib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1700160","volume":"3","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20365-z","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03070-1","volume":"589","author":"Feldmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"nceac8eccbib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201400472","volume":"3","author":"Gholipour","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804397","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201804397","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevx.9.021032","volume":"9","author":"Hamerly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. X"},{"key":"nceac8eccbib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/jstqe.2019.2945548","volume":"26","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/jstqe.2020.3023807","volume":"27","author":"Fouskidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20719-7","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1109\/jlt.2019.2949133","volume":"38","author":"Mourgias-Alexandris","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09370-y","volume":"12","author":"Totovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.1109\/jlt.2014.2345652","volume":"32","author":"Tait","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07754-z","volume":"7","author":"Tait","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/jstqe.2019.2930455","volume":"26","author":"Williamson","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevapplied.11.064043","volume":"11","author":"Tait","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4819","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.398234","volume":"45","author":"Jha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9620","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.27.009620","volume":"27","author":"Mourgias-Alexandris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"nceac8eccbib25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Silicon-integrated coherent neurons with 32GMAC\/sec\/axon compute line-rates using EAM-based input and weighting cells","author":"Giamougiannis","year":"2021"},{"key":"nceac8eccbib26","first-page":"p 1128403","article-title":"Neuromorphic computing through photonic integrated circuits","volume":"vol 11284","author":"Mourgias-Alexandris","year":"2020"},{"key":"nceac8eccbib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4008","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5008","volume":"5","author":"Timurdogan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/jstqe.2019.2935698","volume":"25","author":"Fahrenkopf","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib29"},{"key":"nceac8eccbib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8201","DOI":"10.3390\/app10228201","volume":"10","author":"Littlejohns","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib31","first-page":"8024","article-title":"Pytorch: an imperative style, high-performance deep learning library","volume":"vol 32","author":"Paszke","year":"2019"},{"key":"nceac8eccbib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-019-0358-x","volume":"13","author":"Gaeta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib33","author":"Rizzo","year":"2021"},{"key":"nceac8eccbib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1109\/jqe.1987.1073206","volume":"23","author":"Soref","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4357","DOI":"10.1109\/jlt.2022.3162987","volume":"40","author":"Coenen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"nceac8eccbib36","article-title":"Wafer-scale-compatible substrate undercut for ultra-efficient SOI thermal phase shifters","volume":"(Optical Society of America)","author":"van Niekerk","year":"2022"},{"key":"nceac8eccbib37","article-title":"High extinction micro-ring modulator","volume":"Optical Society of America","author":"van Niekerk","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ac8ecc","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ac8ecc\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ac8ecc","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ac8ecc\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ac8ecc\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ac8ecc\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ac8ecc\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ac8ecc\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T10:55:09Z","timestamp":1669805709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ac8ecc"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ac8ecc","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/AC8ECC\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/AC8ECC\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/AC8ECC\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/AC8ECC\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/AC8ECC\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/AC8ECC\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/AC8ECC\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/AC8ECC\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2634-4386"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2634-4386","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Massively scalable wavelength diverse integrated photonic linear neuron","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2022-04-22","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2022-09-02","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2022-09-15","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}