{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T08:03:13Z","timestamp":1774771393158,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Research Council"},{"name":"BRAIN-ACT","award":["949478"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["949478"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuromorph. Comput. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The computation of the brain relies on the highly efficient communication among billions of neurons. Such efficiency derives from the brain\u2019s plastic and reconfigurable nature, enabling complex computations and maintenance of vital functions with a remarkably low power consumption of only \u223c20 W. First efforts to leverage brain-inspired computational principles have led to the introduction of artificial neural networks that revolutionized information processing and daily life. The relentless pursuit of the definitive computing platform is now pushing researchers towards investigation of novel solutions to emulate specific brain features (<jats:italic>such as<\/jats:italic> synaptic plasticity) to allow local and energy efficient computations. The development of such devices may also be pivotal in addressing major challenges of a continuously aging world, including the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. To date, the neuroelectronics field has been instrumental in deepening the understanding of how neurons communicate, owing to the rapid development of silicon-based platforms for neural recordings and stimulation. However, this approach still does not allow for <jats:italic>in loco<\/jats:italic> processing of biological signals. In fact, despite the success of silicon-based devices in electronic applications, they are ill-suited for directly interfacing with biological tissue. A cornucopia of solutions has therefore been proposed in the last years to obtain neuromorphic materials to create effective biointerfaces and enable reliable bidirectional communication with neurons. Organic conductive materials in particular are not only highly biocompatible and able to electrochemically transduce biological signals, but also promise to include neuromorphic features, such as neuro-transmitter mediated plasticity and learning capabilities. Furthermore, organic electronics, relying on mixed electronic\/ionic conduction mechanism, can be efficiently coupled with biological neural networks, while still successfully communicating with silicon-based electronics. Here, we envision neurohybrid systems that integrate silicon-based and organic electronics-based neuromorphic technologies to create active artificial interfaces with biological tissues. We believe that this approach may pave the way towards the development of a functional bidirectional communication between biological and artificial \u2018brains\u2019, offering new potential therapeutic applications and allowing for novel approaches in prosthetics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/acc683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T22:30:29Z","timestamp":1679524229000},"page":"023002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["From neuromorphic to neurohybrid: transition from the emulation to the integration of neuronal networks"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0419-6541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ugo","family":"Bruno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3630-5055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Mariano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7929-1191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1583-3411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Gemmeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9461-1042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Musall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7323-9504","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francesca","family":"Santoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"nceacc683bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-020-0208-2","article-title":"Physics for neuromorphic computing","volume":"2","author":"Markovi\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Phys."},{"key":"nceacc683bib2","article-title":"Basic neural units of the brain: neurons, synapses and action potential","author":"Zhang","year":"2019"},{"key":"nceacc683bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05888.x","article-title":"The human connectome: a complex network","volume":"1224","author":"Sporns","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. New York Acad. Sci."},{"key":"nceacc683bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.05.016","article-title":"The brain as an efficient and robust adaptive learner","volume":"94","author":"Den\u00e8ve","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"nceacc683bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021376718708","article-title":"Neural and super-turing computing","volume":"13","author":"Siegelmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Minds Mach."},{"key":"nceacc683bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e00938","article-title":"State-of-the-art in artificial neural network applications: a survey","volume":"4","author":"Abiodun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"nceacc683bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202000085","article-title":"Memristors\u2014from in\u2010memory computing, deep learning acceleration, and spiking neural networks to the future of neuromorphic and bio\u2010inspired computing","volume":"2","author":"Mehonic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"nceacc683bib8","volume":"vol. 4","author":"Kandel","year":"2000"},{"key":"nceacc683bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254642","article-title":"A million spiking-neuron integrated circuit with a scalable communication network and interface","volume":"345","author":"Merolla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"nceacc683bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/ac4a83","article-title":"2022 roadmap on neuromorphic computing and engineering","volume":"2","author":"Christensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromorph. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"nceacc683bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2011.2","article-title":"Epidemiology of Alzheimer disease","volume":"7","author":"Reitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"nceacc683bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2014.01.004","article-title":"Ageing and Parkinson\u2019s disease: why is advancing age the biggest risk factor?","volume":"14","author":"Reeve","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"nceacc683bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200317522","article-title":"Series introduction: neurodegeneration: what is it and where are we?","volume":"111","author":"Przedborski","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"nceacc683bib14","article-title":"IEEE standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3kHz to 300 GHz","author":"","year":"2006"},{"key":"nceacc683bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2008.4649312","article-title":"Numerical analysis of temperature elevation in the head due to power dissipation in a cortical implant","volume":"vol 2008","author":"Silay","year":"2008"},{"key":"nceacc683bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1049\/htl.2019.0108","article-title":"Organic electronics for neuroprosthetics","volume":"7","author":"Airaghi Leccardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Healthc. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"nceacc683bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3538","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200601239","article-title":"Steady-state and transient behavior of organic electrochemical transistors","volume":"17","author":"Bernards","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"nceacc683bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/LIX.236.433","article-title":"Computing machinery and intelligence","volume":"LIX","author":"Turing","year":"1950","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"nceacc683bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-021-00184-y","article-title":"Opportunities for neuromorphic computing algorithms and applications","volume":"2","author":"Schuman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"nceacc683bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2011.00073","article-title":"Neuromorphic silicon neuron circuits","volume":"5","author":"Indiveri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"nceacc683bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(93)90184-S","article-title":"Estimated conductance of glutamate receptor channels activated during EPSCs at the cerebellar mossy fiber-granule cell synapse","volume":"11","author":"Traynelis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"nceacc683bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1784","article-title":"Neuroenergetics and the kinetic design of excitatory synapses","volume":"6","author":"Attwell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"nceacc683bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.08.019","article-title":"Synaptic energy use and supply","volume":"75","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"nceacc683bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.10.063","article-title":"Energy-efficient information transfer by visual pathway synapses","volume":"25","author":"Harris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"nceacc683bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.07.006","article-title":"Local dendritic activity sets release probability at hippocampal synapses","volume":"59","author":"Branco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"nceacc683bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00106","article-title":"Dynamic learning and memory, synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis: an update","volume":"8","author":"Stuchlik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"nceacc683bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38412-7","article-title":"Neuronal plasticity affects correlation between the size of dendritic spine and its postsynaptic density","volume":"9","author":"Borczyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"nceacc683bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301559","article-title":"Synaptic plasticity: multiple forms, functions, and mechanisms","volume":"33","author":"Citri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"nceacc683bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021758","article-title":"Structural components of synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation","volume":"7","author":"Bailey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"nceacc683bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1162\/DAED_a_00318","article-title":"Sleep, memory & brain rhythms","volume":"144","author":"Watson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Daedalus"},{"key":"nceacc683bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3319","article-title":"New neurons for \u201csurvival of the fittest","volume":"13","author":"Kempermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"nceacc683bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20167","article-title":"A functional hypothesis for adult hippocampal neurogenesis: avoidance of catastrophic interference in the dentate gyrus","volume":"16","author":"Wiskott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"nceacc683bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16096","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2010281117","article-title":"How synaptic pruning shapes neural wiring during development and, possibly, in disease","volume":"117","author":"Sakai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"nceacc683bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8399","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0485-17.2017","article-title":"Reconfiguration of brain network architectures between resting-state and complexity-dependent cognitive reasoning","volume":"37","author":"Hearne","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"nceacc683bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.52443","article-title":"Reconfiguration of functional brain networks and metabolic cost converge during task performance","volume":"9","author":"Hahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"nceacc683bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02478259","article-title":"A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity","volume":"5","author":"McCulloch","year":"1943","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biophys."},{"key":"nceacc683bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1037\/h0042519","article-title":"The perceptron: a probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain","volume":"65","author":"Rosenblatt","year":"1958","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"nceacc683bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1973.1100330","article-title":"The computational solution of optimal control problems with time lag","volume":"18","author":"Dreyfus","year":"1973","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"nceacc683bib39","article-title":"The roadmap to realizing memristive three-dimensional neuromorphic computing system","author":"An","year":"2018"},{"key":"nceacc683bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1089662","article-title":"Communication in neuronal networks","volume":"301","author":"Laughlin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"nceacc683bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3361","article-title":"What are the mechanisms for analogue and digital signalling in the brain?","volume":"14","author":"Debanne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"nceacc683bib42","first-page":"291","article-title":"Information coding and hardware architecture of spiking neural networks","author":"Abderrahmane","year":"2019"},{"key":"nceacc683bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2018.12.002","article-title":"Deep learning in spiking neural networks","volume":"111","author":"Tavanaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"nceacc683bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2020.589532","article-title":"Robust trajectory generation for robotic control on the neuromorphic research chip Loihi","volume":"14","author":"Michaelis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurorobot."},{"key":"nceacc683bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00324","article-title":"Event-driven random back-propagation: enabling neuromorphic deep learning machines","volume":"11","author":"Neftci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"nceacc683bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2109194119","article-title":"Surrogate gradients for analog neuromorphic computing","volume":"119","author":"Cramer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"nceacc683bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2019.2931595","article-title":"Surrogate gradient learning in spiking neural networks: bringing the power of gradient-based optimization to spiking neural networks","volume":"36","author":"Neftci","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"nceacc683bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2020.3045625","article-title":"Brain-inspired learning on neuromorphic substrates","volume":"109","author":"Zenke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"nceacc683bib49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Quality-energy trade-off and bio-inspired electronic systems","author":"Ros","year":"2018"},{"key":"nceacc683bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pssa.201700875","article-title":"Neuromorphic computing with memristor crossbar","volume":"215","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi a"},{"key":"nceacc683bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4079","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2015.2437839","article-title":"Observer-based state-space current controller for a grid converter equipped with an LCL filter: analytical method for direct discrete-time design","volume":"51","author":"Kukkola","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"nceacc683bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202103376","article-title":"Wafer\u2010scale 2D hafnium diselenide based memristor crossbar array for energy\u2010efficient neural network hardware","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"nceacc683bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15199","article-title":"Face classification using electronic synapses","volume":"8","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"nceacc683bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4023","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaelm.0c00832","article-title":"Hafnia-based double-layer ferroelectric tunnel junctions as artificial synapses for neuromorphic computing","volume":"2","author":"Max","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"nceacc683bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/elsa.202100202","article-title":"Ultra\u2010thin ISFET\u2010based sensing systems","volume":"2","author":"Shojaei Baghini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electrochem. Sci. Adv."},{"key":"nceacc683bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5042408","article-title":"A phase-change memory model for neuromorphic computing","volume":"124","author":"Nandakumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"nceacc683bib57","first-page":"T176","article-title":"Novel ferroelectric FET based synapse for neuromorphic systems","author":"Mulaosmanovic","year":"2017"},{"key":"nceacc683bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2017.07.007","article-title":"Spintronics based random access memory: a review","volume":"20","author":"Bhatti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"nceacc683bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202004659","article-title":"Emerging memristive artificial synapses and neurons for energy\u2010efficient neuromorphic computing","volume":"32","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"nceacc683bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtphys.2021.100393","article-title":"Synaptic devices based neuromorphic computing applications in artificial intelligence","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Phys."},{"key":"nceacc683bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4386","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32078-6","article-title":"Metaplastic and energy-efficient biocompatible graphene artificial synaptic transistors for enhanced accuracy neuromorphic computing","volume":"13","author":"Kireev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"nceacc683bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2022.3180346","article-title":"Organic optoelectronic synaptic devices for energy-efficient neuromorphic computing","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Electron Device Lett."},{"key":"nceacc683bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2004.832725","article-title":"Temporal coding in a silicon network of integrate-and-fire neurons","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw."},{"key":"nceacc683bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(01)00067-3","article-title":"Building blocks for electronic spiking neural networks","volume":"14","author":"van Schaik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"nceacc683bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2017.2705051","article-title":"High-dimensional computing as a nanoscalable paradigm","volume":"64","author":"Rahimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I"},{"key":"nceacc683bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2015.2444094","article-title":"Memory and information processing in neuromorphic systems","volume":"103","author":"Indiveri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"nceacc683bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00168","article-title":"Age-related neurodegenerative disease research needs aging models","volume":"7","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"nceacc683bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44022-4_42","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases","author":"Anderson","year":"2017"},{"key":"nceacc683bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-018-0299-8","article-title":"Advances in developing novel therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"nceacc683bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.335796","article-title":"Transcranial electrical stimulation in neurological disease","volume":"17","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"nceacc683bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.618626","article-title":"An intracortical implantable brain-computer interface for telemetric real-time recording and manipulation of neuronal circuits for closed-loop intervention","volume":"15","author":"Zaer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"nceacc683bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1968.6458","article-title":"The electrical properties of metal microelectrodes","volume":"56","author":"Robinson","year":"1968","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"nceacc683bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.46.030184.002323","article-title":"Patch clamp techniques for studying ionic channels in excitable membranes","volume":"46","author":"Sakmann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"nceacc683bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ac2d64","article-title":"A review of the multiscale mechanics of silicon electrodes in high-capacity lithium-ion batteries","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"nceacc683bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1925540","article-title":"A neuron-silicon junction: a Retzius cell of the leech on an insulated-gate field-effect transistor","volume":"252","author":"Fromherz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"nceacc683bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00347.2006","article-title":"High-resolution multitransistor array recording of electrical field potentials in cultured brain slices","volume":"96","author":"Hutzler","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"nceacc683bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1192033","article-title":"Three-dimensional, flexible nanoscale field-effect transistors as localized bioprobes","volume":"329","author":"Tian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"nceacc683bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2011.223","article-title":"Intracellular recordings of action potentials by an extracellular nanoscale field-effect transistor","volume":"7","author":"Duan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"nceacc683bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1323389111","article-title":"Sub-10-nm intracellular bioelectronic probes from nanowire\u2013nanotube heterostructures","volume":"111","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"nceacc683bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2013.273","article-title":"Free-standing kinked nanowire transistor probes for targeted intracellular recording in three dimensions","volume":"9","author":"Qing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"nceacc683bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4079","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.71.4079","article-title":"Neuron transistor: electrical transfer function measured by the patch-clamp technique","volume":"71","author":"Fromherz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"nceacc683bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.76.327","article-title":"Neuron adhesion on a silicon chip probed by an array of field-effect transistors","volume":"76","author":"Weis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"nceacc683bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2009.09.006","article-title":"Electrical modeling of the cell\u2013electrode interface for recording neural activity from high-density microelectrode arrays","volume":"73","author":"Joye","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"nceacc683bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2012.265","article-title":"Multi-electrode array technologies for neuroscience and cardiology","volume":"8","author":"Spira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol."},{"key":"nceacc683bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2018.05.002","article-title":"Bioinspired materials and systems for neural interfacing","volume":"6","author":"Shoffstall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"nceacc683bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2005.04.020","article-title":"Neuronal cell loss accompanies the brain tissue response to chronically implanted silicon microelectrode arrays","volume":"195","author":"Biran","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"nceacc683bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/3\/3\/002","article-title":"Effects of insertion conditions on tissue strain and vascular damage during neuroprosthetic device insertion","volume":"3","author":"Bjornsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"nceacc683bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3389\/fneng.2014.00024","article-title":"Acute human brain responses to intracortical microelectrode arrays: challenges and future prospects","volume":"7","author":"Fern\u00e3\u00a1ndez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neuroeng."},{"key":"nceacc683bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.10.03.461535","article-title":"Ultrastructural analysis of neuroimplant-parenchyma interfaces uncover remarkable neuroregeneration along-with barriers that limit the implant electrophysiological functions","author":"Sharon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"nceacc683bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202104701","article-title":"Poly(3,4\u2010ethylenedioxythiophene)\u2010based neural interfaces for recording and stimulation: fundamental aspects and in vivo applications","volume":"9","author":"Bianchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"nceacc683bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/12\/1\/011001","article-title":"Progress towards biocompatible intracortical microelectrodes for neural interfacing applications","volume":"12","author":"Jorfi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"nceacc683bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14787","article-title":"The soft mechanical signature of glial scars in the central nervous system","volume":"8","author":"Moeendarbary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"nceacc683bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-017-0154-1","article-title":"Glial responses to implanted electrodes in the brain","volume":"1","author":"Salatino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"nceacc683bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/380006","article-title":"An actuated neural probe architecture for reducing gliosis-induced recording degradation","author":"Massey","year":"2018"},{"key":"nceacc683bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1021\/cm4022003","article-title":"The rise of organic bioelectronics","volume":"26","author":"Rivnay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"nceacc683bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2017.76","article-title":"Tissue\u2013electronics interfaces: from implantable devices to engineered tissues","volume":"3","author":"Feiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"nceacc683bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.09.009","article-title":"Intrinsic extracellular matrix properties regulate stem cell differentiation","volume":"43","author":"Reilly","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"nceacc683bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.10.069","article-title":"Flexible parylene-based multielectrode array technology for high-density neural stimulation and recording","volume":"2","author":"Rodger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"nceacc683bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03386-7","article-title":"Design and validation of a foldable and photovoltaic wide-field epiretinal prosthesis","volume":"9","author":"Ferlauto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"nceacc683bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0567-3","article-title":"Sensory feedback restoration in leg amputees improves walking speed, metabolic cost and phantom pain","volume":"25","author":"Petrini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"nceacc683bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55591-z","article-title":"Characterization of multi-channel intraneural stimulation in transradial amputees","volume":"9","author":"Strauss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"nceacc683bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2008.03.024","article-title":"Characterization of Young\u2019s modulus of silicon versus temperature using a \u2018beam deflection\u2019 method with a four-point bending fixture","volume":"9","author":"Cho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"nceacc683bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2015.02.024","article-title":"Mechanical properties of gray and white matter brain tissue by indentation","volume":"46","author":"Budday","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"nceacc683bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2015.115","article-title":"Syringe-injectable electronics","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"nceacc683bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3969","article-title":"Stable long-term chronic brain mapping at the single-neuron level","volume":"13","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"nceacc683bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02107-2","article-title":"Characterization of mechanically matched hydrogel coatings to improve the biocompatibility of neural implants","volume":"7","author":"Spencer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"nceacc683bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmb.32946","article-title":"Thiol-ene\/acrylate substrates for softening intracortical electrodes","volume":"102","author":"Ware","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B"},{"key":"nceacc683bib108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34566-6","article-title":"Thin film multi-electrode softening cuffs for selective neuromodulation","volume":"8","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"nceacc683bib109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39835-6","article-title":"A softening laminar electrode for recording single unit activity from the rat hippocampus","volume":"9","author":"Z\u00e1tonyi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"nceacc683bib110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2007.08.0119","article-title":"Considerations for design of future cochlear implant electrode arrays: electrode array stiffness, size, and depth of insertion","volume":"45","author":"Rebscher","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"nceacc683bib111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4967","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201400420","article-title":"Mechanically adaptive organic transistors for implantable electronics","volume":"26","author":"Reeder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"nceacc683bib112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.8b01382","article-title":"3D scaffolds based on conductive polymers for biomedical applications","volume":"20","author":"Alegret","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"nceacc683bib113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112620","article-title":"Electrically conducting polymers for bio-interfacing electronics: from neural and cardiac interfaces to bone and artificial tissue biomaterials","volume":"170","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"nceacc683bib114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13030474","article-title":"3D printable electrically conductive hydrogel scaffolds for biomedical applications: a review","volume":"13","author":"Athukorala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"nceacc683bib115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8010041","article-title":"Application of hybrid electrically conductive hydrogels promotes peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"nceacc683bib116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6766","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00275","article-title":"Conductive polymers: opportunities and challenges in biomedical applications","volume":"118","author":"Nezakati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"nceacc683bib117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3404","article-title":"Macroporous nanowire nanoelectronic scaffolds for synthetic tissues","volume":"11","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"nceacc683bib118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4590","article-title":"Engineered hybrid cardiac patches with multifunctional electronics for online monitoring and regulation of tissue function","volume":"15","author":"Feiner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"nceacc683bib119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.05.023","article-title":"Multifunctional degradable electronic scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering","volume":"281","author":"Feiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"nceacc683bib120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201805526","article-title":"A stretchable and flexible cardiac tissue-electronics hybrid enabling multiple drug release, sensing, and stimulation","volume":"15","author":"Feiner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"nceacc683bib121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.09.021","article-title":"Multiwall carbon nanotube scaffolds for tissue engineering purposes","volume":"29","author":"Abarrategi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"nceacc683bib122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0495-2","article-title":"Morphing electronics enable neuromodulation in growing tissue","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"nceacc683bib123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2058-8585\/aa903a","article-title":"Screen printed digital circuits based on vertical organic electrochemical transistors","volume":"2","author":"Ersman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Flex. Print. Electron."},{"key":"nceacc683bib124","article-title":"Ion channels and the electrical properties of membranes","author":"Alberts","year":"2002","edition":"4th edn"},{"key":"nceacc683bib125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabm7851","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abm7851","article-title":"Ionic communication for implantable bioelectronics","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"nceacc683bib126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-018-0103-3","article-title":"Organic electronics for neuromorphic computing","volume":"1","author":"van de Burgt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"nceacc683bib127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5053","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13079-4","article-title":"All-printed large-scale integrated circuits based on organic electrochemical transistors","volume":"10","author":"Andersson Ersman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"nceacc683bib128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(02)00448-3","article-title":"Electrochemical deposition and characterization of poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) on neural microelectrode arrays","volume":"89","author":"Cui","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"nceacc683bib129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2014.2342880","article-title":"PEDOT-CNT-coated low-impedance, ultra-flexible, and brain-conformable micro-ECoG arrays","volume":"23","author":"Castagnola","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"nceacc683bib130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3905","article-title":"NeuroGrid: recording action potentials from the surface of the brain","volume":"18","author":"Khodagholy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"nceacc683bib131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201700232","article-title":"Development and translation of PEDOT: PSS microelectrodes for intraoperative monitoring","volume":"28","author":"Ganji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"nceacc683bib132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.11.014","article-title":"Flexible, all-polymer microelectrode arrays for the capture of cardiac and neuronal signals","volume":"32","author":"Blau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"nceacc683bib133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3776","DOI":"10.1039\/C9LC00636B","article-title":"Inkjet-printed PEDOT:PSS multi-electrode arrays for low-cost in vitro electrophysiology","volume":"19","author":"Garma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"nceacc683bib134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3630","article-title":"A transparent organic transistor structure for bidirectional stimulation and recording of primary neurons","volume":"12","author":"Benfenati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"nceacc683bib135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201400406","article-title":"Rigid and flexible organic electrochemical transistor arrays for monitoring action potentials from electrogenic cells","volume":"4","author":"Yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"nceacc683bib136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.09.047","article-title":"PEDOT:PSS organic electrochemical transistor arrays for extracellular electrophysiological sensing of cardiac cells","volume":"93","author":"Hempel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"nceacc683bib137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10554","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1703886114","article-title":"Transparent, conformable, active multielectrode array using organic electrochemical transistors","volume":"114","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"nceacc683bib138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28125","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b08822","article-title":"High-aspect-ratio semiconducting polymer pillars for 3D cell cultures","volume":"11","author":"Tullii","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"nceacc683bib139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5919","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201202612","article-title":"Measurement of barrier tissue integrity with an organic electrochemical transistor","volume":"24","author":"Jimison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"nceacc683bib140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.12.032","article-title":"Engineering organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) to be sensitive cell-based biosensor through tuning of channel area","volume":"287","author":"Yeung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"nceacc683bib141","article-title":"PEDOT:PSS organic electrochemical transistors for electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing down to single cells","volume":"7","author":"Hempel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"nceacc683bib142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"05F401","DOI":"10.1116\/1.4997760","article-title":"Label-free detection of interleukin-6 using electrolyte gated organic field effect transistors","volume":"12","author":"Diacci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biointerphases"},{"key":"nceacc683bib143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202001218","article-title":"Flexible printed organic electrochemical transistors for the detection of uric acid in artificial wound exudate","volume":"7","author":"Galliani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"nceacc683bib144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5400","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TB01697F","article-title":"Integration of organic electrochemical transistors and immuno-affinity membranes for label-free detection of interleukin-6 in the physiological concentration range through antibody\u2013antigen recognition","volume":"6","author":"Gentili","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"nceacc683bib145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13105","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b00115","article-title":"Wearable fiber-based organic electrochemical transistors as a platform for highly sensitive dopamine monitoring","volume":"11","author":"Qing","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"nceacc683bib146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113461","article-title":"Organic electrochemical transistors in bioelectronic circuits","volume":"190","author":"Rashid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"nceacc683bib147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7010","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201303080","article-title":"Organic electrochemical transistors with maximum transconductance at Zero gate bias","volume":"25","author":"Rivnay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"nceacc683bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.202100907","article-title":"Low-power\/high-gain flexible complementary circuits based on printed organic electrochemical transistors","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"nceacc683bib149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8980","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27205-7","article-title":"Printed 5-V organic operational amplifiers for various signal processing","volume":"8","author":"Matsui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"nceacc683bib150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39083","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b11362","article-title":"Gelatin hydrogel-based organic electrochemical transistors and their integrated logic circuits","volume":"10","author":"Jo","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"nceacc683bib151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2008.03.030","article-title":"Inkjet printed electrochemical organic electronics","volume":"158","author":"Mannerbro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"nceacc683bib152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4231","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2015.2491342","article-title":"All screen-printed logic gates based on organic electrochemical transistors","volume":"62","author":"Hutter","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron Devices"},{"key":"nceacc683bib153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11073-4","article-title":"Ion buffering and interface charge enable high performance electronics with organic electrochemical transistors","volume":"10","author":"Romele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"nceacc683bib154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201704916","article-title":"Complementary logic circuits based on high-performance n-type organic electrochemical transistors","volume":"30","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"nceacc683bib155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28483-6","article-title":"Organic electrochemical neurons and synapses with ion mediated spiking","volume":"13","author":"Harikesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"nceacc683bib156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabl5068","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abl5068","article-title":"Organic neuromorphic electronics for sensorimotor integration and learning in robotics","volume":"7","author":"Krauhausen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"nceacc683bib157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-0703-y","article-title":"A biohybrid synapse with neurotransmitter-mediated plasticity","volume":"19","author":"Keene","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"nceacc683bib158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5325","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-09-05325.1994","article-title":"Changes in paired-pulse facilitation suggest presynaptic involvement in long-term potentiation","volume":"14","author":"Schulz","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"nceacc683bib159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202100918","article-title":"Stretchable and stable electrolyte\u2010gated organic electrochemical transistor synapse with a nafion membrane for enhanced synaptic properties","volume":"24","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"nceacc683bib160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15448","article-title":"Neuromorphic device architectures with global connectivity through electrolyte gating","volume":"8","author":"Gkoupidenis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"nceacc683bib161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202011013","article-title":"An iontronic multiplexer based on spatiotemporal dynamics of multiterminal organic electrochemical transistors","volume":"31","author":"Koutsouras","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"nceacc683bib162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0128-2","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation: current challenges and future directions","volume":"15","author":"Lozano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"nceacc683bib163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.619543","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: stimulation parameters and potential mechanisms of action","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"nceacc683bib164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285609339382","article-title":"Review: deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Groiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"nceacc683bib165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.655412","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation in treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis on efficacy and safety","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"nceacc683bib166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2004.09.001","article-title":"Choosing electrodes for deep brain stimulation experiments\u2013electrochemical considerations","volume":"142","author":"Gimsa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"nceacc683bib167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamaneurol.45","article-title":"History, applications, and mechanisms of deep brain stimulation","volume":"70","author":"Miocinovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"nceacc683bib168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01249-0","article-title":"The amyloid-\u03b2 pathway in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Hampel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"nceacc683bib169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8130","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c09893","article-title":"Microfluidic integrated organic electrochemical transistor with a nanoporous membrane for amyloid-\u03b2 detection","volume":"15","author":"Koklu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"}],"container-title":["Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/acc683","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/acc683\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/acc683","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/acc683\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/acc683\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/acc683\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/acc683\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/acc683\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T13:16:03Z","timestamp":1684156563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/acc683"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"references-count":169,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/acc683","relation":{},"ISSN":["2634-4386"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2634-4386","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"From neuromorphic to neurohybrid: transition from the emulation to the integration of neuronal networks","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2022-08-26","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2023-03-22","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2023-05-15","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}