{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T23:50:09Z","timestamp":1770681009552,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Turing AI Acceleration Fellowships Program (EP\/V02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Turing AI Acceleration Fellowships Program (EP\/V02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019180","name":"HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["828841 (ChipAI)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["828841 (ChipAI)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019180","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuromorph. Comput. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This work reports a nanostructure resonant tunnelling diode-photodetector (RTD-PD) device and demonstrates its operation as a controllable, optically-triggered excitable spike generator. The top contact layer of the device is designed with a nanopillar structure (500\u2009nm in diameter) to restrain the injection current, yielding therefore lower energy operation for spike generation. We demonstrate experimentally the deterministic optical triggering of controllable and repeatable neuron-like spike patterns in the nanostructure RTD-PDs. Moreover, we show the device\u2019s ability to deliver spiking responses when biased in either of the two regions adjacent to the negative differential conductance region, the so-called \u2018peak\u2019 and \u2018valley\u2019 points of the current\u2013voltage (<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\u2013<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>) characteristic. This work also demonstrates experimentally key neuron-like dynamical features in the nanostructure RTD-PD, such as a well-defined threshold (in input optical intensity) for spike firing, as well as the presence of spike firing refractory time. The optoelectronic and chip-scale character of the proposed system together with the deterministic, repeatable and well controllable nature of the optically-elicited spiking responses render this nanostructure RTD-PD element as a highly promising solution for high-speed, energy-efficient optoelectronic artificial spiking neurons for novel light-enabled neuromorphic computing hardware.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/acf609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T22:27:51Z","timestamp":1693607271000},"page":"034012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Optically-triggered deterministic spiking regimes in nanostructure resonant tunnelling diode-photodetectors"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5741-0527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qusay Raghib Ali","family":"Al-Taai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4493-9426","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mat\u011bj","family":"Hejda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Weikang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1485-6665","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bruno","family":"Romeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5668-7073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M L","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Wasige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4448-9034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Hurtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"nceacf609bib1","author":"Liang","year":"2016","edition":"1st edn"},{"key":"nceacf609bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-020-00754-y","article-title":"Photonics for artificial intelligence and neuromorphic computing","volume":"15","author":"Shastri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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