{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T16:57:27Z","timestamp":1771261047659,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EXC 2181\/1-390900948"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC 2181\/1-390900948"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"EU","award":["243914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["243914"]}]},{"name":"Manfred St\u00e4rk Foundation"},{"name":"Helmholtz Association Initiative and Networking Fund","award":["SO-092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SO-092"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuromorph. Comput. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The first-generation of BrainScaleS, also referred to as BrainScaleS-1, is a neuromorphic system for emulating large-scale networks of spiking neurons. Following a \u2018physical modeling\u2019 principle, its VLSI circuits are designed to emulate the dynamics of biological examples: analog circuits implement neurons and synapses with time constants that arise from their electronic components\u2019 intrinsic properties. It operates in continuous time, with dynamics typically matching an acceleration factor of 10\u2009000 compared to the biological regime. A fault-tolerant design allows it to achieve wafer-scale integration despite unavoidable analog variability and component failures. In this paper, we present the commissioning process of a BrainScaleS-1 wafer module, providing a short description of the system\u2019s physical components, illustrating the steps taken during its assembly and the measures taken to operate it. Furthermore, we reflect on the system\u2019s development process and the lessons learned to conclude with a demonstration of its functionality by emulating a wafer-scale synchronous firing chain, the largest spiking network emulation ran with analog components and individual synapses to date.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/acf7e4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T22:29:15Z","timestamp":1694212155000},"page":"034013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["From clean room to machine room: commissioning of the first-generation BrainScaleS wafer-scale neuromorphic system"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1630-3614","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hartmut","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4687-5315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3955-4815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Gr\u00fcbl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maurice","family":"G\u00fcttler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Husmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joscha","family":"Ilmberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3586-2634","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jakob","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6566-7170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Mauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5880-2012","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eric","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Sterzenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Schemmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"nceacf7e4bib1","author":"Mead","year":"1989"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1109\/5.58356","article-title":"Neuromorphic electronic systems","volume":"78","author":"Mead","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2011.00073","article-title":"Neuromorphic silicon neuron circuits","volume":"5","author":"Indiveri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2304638","article-title":"The SpiNNaker project","volume":"102","author":"Furber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1109\/MM.2018.112130359","article-title":"Loihi: a neuromorphic manycore processor with on-chip learning","volume":"38","author":"Davies","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Micro"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254642","article-title":"A million spiking-neuron integrated circuit with a scalable communication network and interface","volume":"345","author":"Merolla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2017.2759700","article-title":"A scalable multicore architecture with heterogeneous memory structures for dynamic neuromorphic asynchronous processors (DYNAPs)","volume":"12","author":"Moradi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/5\/051001","article-title":"Large-scale neuromorphic computing systems","volume":"13","author":"Furber","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib9","article-title":"A survey of neuromorphic computing and neural networks in hardware","author":"Schuman","year":"2017"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2008.4633828","article-title":"Wafer-scale integration of analog neural networks","author":"Schemmel","year":"2008"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2008.4633916","article-title":"Realizing biological spiking network models in a configurable wafer-scale hardware system","author":"Fieres","year":"2008"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib12","first-page":"pp 1947","article-title":"A wafer-scale neuromorphic hardware system for large-scale neural modeling","author":"Schemmel","year":"2010"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib13","first-page":"pp 1642","article-title":"A VLSI implementation of the adaptive exponential integrate-and-fire neuron model","author":"Millner","year":"2010","edition":"ed"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib14","first-page":"pp 2227","article-title":"Neuromorphic hardware in the loop: training a deep spiking network on the BrainScaleS wafer-scale system","author":"Schmitt","year":"2017"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8427","DOI":"10.4249\/scholarpedia.8427","article-title":"Adaptive exponential integrate-and-fire model","volume":"4","author":"Gerstner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scholarpedia"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib16","article-title":"Development of a multi-compartment neuron model emulation","author":"Millner","year":"2012"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib17","first-page":"pp 271","article-title":"An analog floating-gate memory in a standard digital technology","author":"Lande","year":"1996"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/EPTC.2017.8277579","article-title":"Full wafer redistribution and wafer embedding as key technologies for a multi-scale neuromorphic hardware cluster","author":"Zoschke","year":"2017"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib19","first-page":"pp 877","article-title":"Dedicated fpga communication architecture and design for a large-scale neuromorphic system","author":"Thanasoulis","year":"2012"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib20","first-page":"pp 950","article-title":"Highly integrated packet-based aer communication infrastructure with 3Gevent\/S throughput","author":"Hartmann","year":"2010"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2011.00117","article-title":"Vlsi implementation of a 2.8 Gevent\/s packet-based aer interface with routing and event sorting functionality","volume":"5","author":"Scholze","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib22","article-title":"Entwicklung einer selbst\u00fcberwachenden Spannungsversorgung f\u00fcr ein auf Wafer-Ebene integriertes neuromorphes Hardware-System","author":"Sterzenbach","year":"2014"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib23","article-title":"Graphite-project Carbon","author":"Davis","year":"2006"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib24","article-title":"Grafana: the open observability platform","author":"","year":"2018"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib25","article-title":"Elasticsearch: the official distributed search & analytics engine","author":"","year":"2015"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2022.05.081","article-title":"The operating system of the neuromorphic BrainScaleS-1 system","volume":"501","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib27","article-title":"A new approach to learning in neuromorphic hardware","author":"Friedmann","year":"2013"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00170","article-title":"Automated parameter estimation of the Hodgkin-Huxley model using the differential evolution algorithm: application to neuromimetic analog integrated circuits","volume":"23","author":"Buhry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00293","article-title":"Dynamic state and parameter estimation applied to neuromorphic systems","volume":"24","author":"Neftci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib30","article-title":"Reproducing biologically realistic regimes on a highly-accelerated neuromorphic hardware system","author":"Schwartz","year":"2013"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib31","first-page":"pp 83","author":"Schemmel","year":"2022"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib32","article-title":"Device variability in synapses of neuromorphic circuits","author":"Koke","year":"2017"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01201","article-title":"Accelerated physical emulation of Bayesian inference in spiking neural networks","volume":"13","author":"Kungl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-021-00388-x","article-title":"Fast and energy-efficient neuromorphic deep learning with first-spike times","volume":"3","author":"G\u00f6ltz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-4257(97)81432-5","article-title":"Propagation of synchronous spiking activity in feedforward neural networks","volume":"90","author":"Aertsen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Phys."},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(01)00070-3","article-title":"Propagation of cortical synfire activity: survival probability in single trials and stability in the mean","volume":"14","author":"Gewaltig","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/990101","article-title":"Stable propagation of synchronous spiking in cortical neural networks","volume":"402","author":"Diesmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib38","article-title":"Conditions for stable propagation of synchronous spiking in cortical neural networks: single neuron dynamics and network properties","author":"Diesmann","year":"2002"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5268","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2542-07.2008","article-title":"Conditions for propagating synchronous spiking and asynchronous firing rates in a cortical network model","volume":"28","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00011","article-title":"Six networks on a universal neuromorphic computing substrate","volume":"7","author":"Pfeil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers Neurosci."},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108590","article-title":"Characterization and compensation of network-level anomalies in mixed-signal neuromorphic modeling platforms","volume":"9","author":"Petrovici","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s10827-010-0240-9","article-title":"Functional consequences of correlated excitatory and inhibitory conductances in cortical networks","volume":"28","author":"Kremkow","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comput. Neurosci."},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2886781","article-title":"A survey on design approaches to circumvent permanent faults in networks-on-chip","volume":"48","author":"Werner","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib44","first-page":"pp 1711","article-title":"A new VLSI model of neural microcircuits including spike time dependent plasticity","author":"Schemmel","year":"2004"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib45","first-page":"pp 1","article-title":"An analog dynamic memory array for neuromorphic hardware","author":"Hock","year":"2013"},{"key":"nceacf7e4bib46","article-title":"Development of a digitizer for the brainscales neuromorphic hardware system","author":"Ilmberger","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/acf7e4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/acf7e4\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/acf7e4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/acf7e4\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/acf7e4\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/acf7e4\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/acf7e4\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/acf7e4\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T09:30:02Z","timestamp":1695634202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/acf7e4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/acf7e4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2634-4386"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2634-4386","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"From clean room to machine room: commissioning of the first-generation BrainScaleS wafer-scale neuromorphic system","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2023-04-27","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2023-09-08","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2023-09-25","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}