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The study found that ANN-based decoders provide superior decoding accuracy, requiring high latency and many operations to effectively decode neural signals. Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have emerged as a solution, bridging this gap by achieving competitive decoding performance within sub-10 ms while utilizing a fraction of computational resources. These distinctive advantages of neuromorphic SNNs make them highly suitable for the challenging closed-loop neural modulation environment. Their capacity to balance decoding accuracy and operational efficiency offers immense potential in reshaping the landscape of neural decoders, fostering greater understanding, and opening new frontiers in closed-loop intra-cortical human-machine interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad4411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T22:25:31Z","timestamp":1714170331000},"page":"024008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Benchmarking of hardware-efficient real-time neural decoding in brain\u2013computer interfaces"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7800-8590","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paul","family":"Hueber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0204-9225","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guangzhi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manolis","family":"Sifalakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4721-3556","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hua-Peng","family":"Liaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aurora","family":"Micheli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3916-1859","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nergis","family":"Tomen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3256-6741","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yao-Hong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ncead4411bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.3390\/s19050993","article-title":"Odor recognition with a spiking neural network for bioelectronic nose","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ncead4411bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2027540","article-title":"Neuroprosthesis for decoding speech in a paralyzed person with anarthria","volume":"385","author":"Moses","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Engl. 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