{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T10:34:34Z","timestamp":1759228474822,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718064000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fonds de recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Nature et technologies"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EP\/V025198\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/V025198\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010664","name":"H2020 Future and Emerging Technologies","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["828841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["828841"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuromorph. Comput. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Spiking neurons and neural networks constitute a fundamental building block for brain-inspired computing, which is poised to benefit significantly from photonic hardware implementations. In this work, we experimentally investigate an interconnected optical neuromorphic system based on an ultrafast spiking vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) neuron and a silicon photonics (SiPh) integrated micro-ring resonator (MRR). We experimentally demonstrate two different functional arrangements of these devices: first, we show that MRR weight banks can be used in conjunction with the spiking VCSEL-neurons to perform amplitude weighting of sub-ns optical spiking signals. Second, we show that a continuously firing VCSEL-neuron can be directly modulated using a locking signal propagated through a single weighting MRR, and we utilise this functionality to perform optical spike firing rate-coding via thermal tuning of the MRR. Given the significant track record of both integrated weight banks and photonic VCSEL-neurons, we believe these results demonstrate the viability of combining these two classes of devices for use in functional neuromorphic photonic systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad4b5b","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T22:28:55Z","timestamp":1715725735000},"page":"024011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Optical spike amplitude weighting and neuromimetic rate coding using a joint VCSEL-MRR neuromorphic photonic system"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4493-9426","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mat\u011bj","family":"Hejda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4015-3303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eli A","family":"Doris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0667-2732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Bilodeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6316-5265","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joshua","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6592-8465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dafydd","family":"Owen-Newns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5040-8248","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bhavin J","family":"Shastri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul R","family":"Prucnal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4448-9034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Hurtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ncead4b5bbib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1355","article-title":"Energy and policy considerations for deep learning in NLP","author":"Strubell","year":"2019"},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(97)00011-7","article-title":"Networks of spiking neurons: the third generation of neural network models","volume":"10","author":"Maass","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2017.2647779","article-title":"Attojoule optoelectronics for low-energy information processing and communications","volume":"35","author":"Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1157-8","article-title":"All-optical spiking neurosynaptic networks with self-learning capabilities","volume":"569","author":"Feldmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics9020120","article-title":"An all-MRR-based photonic spiking neural network for spike sequence learning","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photonics"},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7955","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.007955","article-title":"Numerical demonstration of neuromorphic computing with photonic crystal cavities","volume":"26","author":"Laporte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.7.034013","article-title":"Superconducting optoelectronic circuits for neuromorphic computing","volume":"7","author":"Shainline","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.026800","article-title":"Excitable laser processing network node in hybrid silicon: analysis and simulation","volume":"23","author":"Nahmias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2022.3146157","article-title":"Photonic spiking neural networks and graphene-on-silicon spiking neurons","volume":"40","author":"Jha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.451706","article-title":"Spike propagation in a nanolaser-based optoelectronic neuron","volume":"12","author":"Ortega-Piwonka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.17.024072","article-title":"Resonant tunneling diode nano-optoelectronic excitable nodes for neuromorphic spike-based information processing","volume":"17","author":"Hejda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2949133","article-title":"Neuromorphic photonics with coherent linear neurons using dual-IQ modulation cells","volume":"38","author":"Mourgias-Alexandris","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2019.2945548","article-title":"Deep neural network through an InP SOA-based photonic integrated cross-connect","volume":"26","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.450926","article-title":"Photonic neuromorphic computing using vertical cavity semiconductor lasers","volume":"12","author":"Skalli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4029","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2014.2345652","article-title":"Broadcast and weight: an integrated network for scalable photonic spike processing","volume":"32","author":"Tait","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07754-z","article-title":"Neuromorphic photonic networks using silicon photonic weight banks","volume":"7","author":"Tait","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2023.129870","article-title":"Supervised learning and pattern recognition in photonic spiking neural networks based on MRR and phase-change materials","volume":"549","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2022.3217011","article-title":"Scalable nanophotonic-electronic spiking neural networks","volume":"29","author":"Srouji","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25170","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.025170","article-title":"Optical neuron using polarisation switching in a 1550nm-VCSEL","volume":"18","author":"Hurtado","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.42.001560","article-title":"Controlled inhibition of spiking dynamics in VCSELs for neuromorphic photonics: theory and experiments","volume":"42","author":"Robertson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2019.2899040","article-title":"Electrically controlled neuron-like spiking regimes in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers at ultrafast rates","volume":"25","author":"Robertson","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2019.2931215","article-title":"Toward neuromorphic photonic networks of ultrafast spiking laser neurons","volume":"26","author":"Robertson","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6098","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62945-5","article-title":"Ultrafast optical integration and pattern classification for neuromorphic photonics based on spiking VCSEL neurons","volume":"10","author":"Robertson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.201100017","article-title":"Silicon microring resonators","volume":"6","author":"Bogaerts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Laser Photon. Rev."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2017.2785962","article-title":"Low-loss continuously tunable optical true time delay based on Si3N4 ring resonators","volume":"24","author":"Xiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2022.3181939","article-title":"An energy-efficient and bandwidth-scalable DWDM heterogeneous silicon photonics integration platform","volume":"28","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2903474","article-title":"Machine learning with neuromorphic photonics","volume":"37","author":"de Lima","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-021-00661-2","article-title":"A silicon photonic\u2013electronic neural network for fibre nonlinearity compensation","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2016.2516440","article-title":"Continuous calibration of microring weights for analog optical networks","volume":"28","author":"Tait","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7647\/aba670","article-title":"Spike-based information encoding in vertical cavity surface emitting lasers for neuromorphic photonic systems","volume":"2","author":"Hejda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Photon."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0048674","article-title":"Neuromorphic encoding of image pixel data into rate-coded optical spike trains with a photonic VCSEL-neuron","volume":"6","author":"Hejda","year":"2021","journal-title":"APL Photon."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.449528","article-title":"Photonic spiking neural networks with event-driven femtojoule optoelectronic neurons based on Izhikevich-inspired model","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2009.2019619","article-title":"Three-dimensional tapered spot-size converter based on (111) silicon-on-insulator","volume":"21","author":"Fang","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2010.05.034","article-title":"Ultra-low-loss inverted taper coupler for silicon-on-insulator ridge waveguide","volume":"283","author":"Pu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17667","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.017667","article-title":"Photonic wire bonding: a novel concept for chip-scale interconnects","volume":"20","author":"Lindenmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9623","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.449641","article-title":"Two-photon polymerization simulation and fabrication of 3D microprinted suspended waveguides for on-chip optical interconnects","volume":"30","author":"Ad\u00e3o","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.5.000876","article-title":"Hybrid integration of silicon photonics circuits and InP lasers by photonic wire bonding","volume":"5","author":"Billah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-020-0272-5","article-title":"Hybrid multi-chip assembly of optical communication engines by in situ 3D nano-lithography","volume":"9","author":"Blaicher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3777","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.003777","article-title":"Polarization rotator-splitters in standard active silicon photonics platforms","volume":"22","author":"Sacher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2013.2247995","article-title":"Demonstration of a silicon waveguide optical circulator","volume":"25","author":"Mitsuya","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1468-6996\/15\/1\/014602","article-title":"Magneto-optical non-reciprocal devices in silicon photonics","volume":"15","author":"Shoji","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.35.001504","article-title":"Versatile broadband polarization-independent optical circulators for nanophotonic integrated circuits","volume":"35","author":"Firby","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.8.002471","article-title":"Towards heterogeneous integration of optical isolators and circulators with lasers on silicon [Invited]","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.444480","article-title":"Silicon nonlinear switch as a conditional circulator for monostatic LiDAR systems","volume":"10","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photon. Res."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.5.000279","article-title":"Microresonator isolators and circulators based on the intrinsic nonreciprocity of the Kerr effect","volume":"5","author":"Del Bino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.7.000007","article-title":"Reconfigurable nonlinear nonreciprocal transmission in a silicon photonic integrated circuit","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4493","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.004493","article-title":"Silicon photonics broadband modulation-based isolator","volume":"22","author":"Doerr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2008.273","article-title":"Complete optical isolation created by indirect interband photonic transitions","volume":"3","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"ncead4b5bbib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15129\/042ffe01-ae5b-4d4e-9d22-580e4d05099b","article-title":"Optical spike amplitude weighting and neuromimetic rate coding using a joint VCSEL-MRR neuromorphic photonic system","author":"Hejda","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad4b5b","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad4b5b\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad4b5b","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad4b5b\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad4b5b\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad4b5b\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad4b5b\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad4b5b\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T16:07:41Z","timestamp":1718122061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad4b5b"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad4b5b","relation":{},"ISSN":["2634-4386"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2634-4386"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optical spike amplitude weighting and neuromimetic rate coding using a joint VCSEL-MRR neuromorphic photonic system","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2023-12-18","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-05-14","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-06-11","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}