{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T02:02:11Z","timestamp":1769306531329,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725408000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013266","name":"MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009193","name":"Marsden Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuromorph. Comput. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Percolating networks of nanoparticles (PNNs) are self-assembled nanoscale systems that possess brain-like characteristics that are useful for information processing, particularly within a reservoir computing (RC) framework. Previous work has successfully demonstrated one-dimensional RC tasks, such as chaotic time-series prediction and nonlinear transformation. We focus here on the challenge of two-dimensional (2D) tasks and introduce novel \u2018follow the leader\u2019 and \u2018swarming\u2019 tasks. In the first task a \u2018follower\u2019 is required to accurately track a \u2018leader\u2019 in two dimensions. The task is performed successfully for a range of trajectories and parameters, for both position-based tracking and velocity-based tracking incorporating inertia. In both cases, the task is successful even for trajectories unseen in training. We then successfully demonstrate a 2D implementation of swarming behavior. Each agent is represented by a PNN which is trained to react to the behavior of the other members of the swarm, such that the future trajectory of all agents is generated autonomously. As well as demonstrating that the computational capabilities of PNNs can be extended into two dimensions, this work presents a first step in the emulation of complex emergent biological behaviors such as swarming, and opens a new route to the solution of complex optimization problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad7314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T22:51:48Z","timestamp":1724453508000},"page":"034011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["From \u2018follow the leader\u2019 to autonomous swarming: physical reservoir computing in two dimensions"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4412-0632","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zachary","family":"E Heywood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6611-245X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"B Mallinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1611-7601","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Philip","family":"J Bones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6041-4331","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simon","family":"A Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ncead7314bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042772","volume":"7","author":"Avizienis","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ncead7314bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201103053","volume":"24","author":"Stieg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ncead7314bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4008","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24260-z","volume":"12","author":"Hochstetter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ncead7314bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-021-01099-9","volume":"21","author":"Milano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ncead7314bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/ac676a","volume":"2","author":"Tanaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromorph. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ncead7314bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/ac4339","volume":"2","author":"Akai-Kasaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromorph. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ncead7314bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2022.07.001","volume":"154","author":"Daniels","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"ncead7314bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5194","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2017.2766063","volume":"64","author":"Bose","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron Devices"},{"key":"ncead7314bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaw8438","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw8438","volume":"5","author":"Mallinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ncead7314bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7955","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08244-y","volume":"7","author":"Minnai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ncead7314bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NA00121G","volume":"4","author":"Carstens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ncead7314bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23746149.2021.1894234","volume":"6","author":"Kuncic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Phys. X"},{"key":"ncead7314bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-020-0208-2","volume":"2","author":"Markovi\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Phys."},{"key":"ncead7314bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/ac74da","volume":"2","author":"Heywood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromorph. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ncead7314bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3935","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c01096","volume":"20","author":"Pike","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ncead7314bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1162\/netn_a_00128","volume":"4","author":"Shirai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Netw. Neurosci."},{"key":"ncead7314bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9663","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NR07275K","volume":"15","author":"Mallinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ncead7314bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202402319","author":"Mallinson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ncead7314bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2009.03.005","volume":"3","author":"Luko\u0161evi\u010dius","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ncead7314bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2019.03.005","volume":"115","author":"Tanaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"ncead7314bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56991-x","volume":"10","author":"Abreu Araujo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ncead7314bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnano.2021.675792","volume":"3","author":"Lilak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ncead7314bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1109\/82.803473","volume":"46","author":"Indiveri","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II"},{"key":"ncead7314bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2015.2401834","volume":"26","author":"Reverter Valeiras","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"ncead7314bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2018.2813389","volume":"8","author":"Farkhani","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ncead7314bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00720","volume":"27","author":"Ni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"ncead7314bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2012.03.004","volume":"517","author":"Vicsek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ncead7314bib28","author":"Sumpter","year":"2011"},{"key":"ncead7314bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNN.1995.488968","article-title":"Particle swarm optimization","author":"Kennedy","year":"1995"},{"key":"ncead7314bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.88.226802","volume":"88","author":"Schmelzer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ncead7314bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.111.136808","volume":"111","author":"Sattar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ncead7314bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.92.052134","volume":"92","author":"Fostner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ncead7314bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10594","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.3c03551","volume":"23","author":"Studholme","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ncead7314bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.89.075402","volume":"89","author":"Fostner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ncead7314bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.75.1226","volume":"75","author":"Vicsek","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ncead7314bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2010.5596492","article-title":"Memory versus non-linearity in reservoirs","author":"Verstraeten","year":"2010"},{"key":"ncead7314bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2632-959X\/ad2999","volume":"5","author":"Baccetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Express"},{"key":"ncead7314bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0038163","volume":"30","author":"Carroll","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chaos"}],"container-title":["Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad7314","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad7314\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad7314","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad7314\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad7314\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad7314\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad7314\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad7314\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T09:54:06Z","timestamp":1726221246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad7314"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad7314","relation":{},"ISSN":["2634-4386"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2634-4386","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"From \u2018follow the leader\u2019 to autonomous swarming: physical reservoir computing in two dimensions","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2024-05-29","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-08-23","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-09-04","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}