{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T23:03:20Z","timestamp":1770678200849,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Turing AI Acceleration Fellowships Programme","award":["EP\/V025198\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/V025198\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["828841-ChipAI-H2020-FETOPEN-2018-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["828841-ChipAI-H2020-FETOPEN-2018-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuromorph. Comput. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We report a multi-modal spiking neuron that allows optical and electronic input and control, and wavelength-multiplexing operation, for use in novel high-speed neuromorphic sensing and computing functionalities. The photonic-electronic neuron is built with a micro-scale, nanostructure resonant tunnelling diode (RTD) with photodetection (PD) capability. Leveraging the advantageous intrinsic properties of this RTD-PD system, namely highly nonlinear characteristics, photo-sensitivity, light-induced <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\u2013<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic> curve shift, and the ability to deliver excitable responses under electrical and optical inputs, we successfully achieve flexible neuromorphic spike activation and inhibition regimes through photonic-electrical control. We also demonstrate the ability of this RTD-PD spiking sensing-processing neuron to operate under the simultaneous arrival of multiple wavelength-multiplexed optical signals, due to its large PD spectral window (covering the 1310 and 1550 nm telecom wavelength bands). Our results highlight the potential of RTD photonic-electronic neurons to reproduce multiple key excitatory and inhibitory spiking regimes, at high speed (10 s of ns-rate spiking responses, with faster sub-ns regimes theoretically predicted) and low energy (requiring only \u223c10 mV and \u223c150 <jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>W, electrical and optical input amplitudes, respectively), similar in nature to those commonly found in the biological neurons of the visual system and the brain. This work offers a highly promising approach for the realisation of high-speed, energy-efficient photonic-electronic spiking neurons and spiking neural networks, enabling multi-modal and multi-wavelength operation for sensing and information processing tasks, whilst also yielding enhanced system capacity, performance and parallelism. This work therefore paves the way for innovative high-speed, photonic-electronic, and spike-based neuromorphic sensing and computing systems and artificial intelligence hardware.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad8df8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T22:49:31Z","timestamp":1730501371000},"page":"044006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Photonic-electronic spiking neuron with multi-modal and multi-wavelength excitatory and inhibitory operation for high-speed neuromorphic sensing and computing"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Weikang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4493-9426","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mat\u011bj","family":"Hejda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5741-0527","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qusay Raghib Ali","family":"Al-Taai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dafydd","family":"Owen-Newns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1485-6665","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bruno","family":"Romeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5668-7073","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M L","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6316-5265","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joshua","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Wasige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Hurtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ncead8df8bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00141","article-title":"A reconfigurable on-line learning spiking neuromorphic processor comprising 256 neurons and 128K synapses","volume":"9","author":"Qiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. 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