{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T19:57:42Z","timestamp":1773345462893,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"FETOPEN Programme","award":["899559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["899559"]}]},{"name":"Aarhus University, Denmark"},{"name":"DDSA","award":["2023-2085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-2085"]}]},{"name":"Aarhus University"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003511","name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003511","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuromorph. Comput. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This work proposes a Spintronics-based Hopfield oscillatory neural network (HONN) that leverages dynamic frequency-encoded electrical synchronization between two spin-torque vortex nano-oscillators (SVNOs) as oscillatory neurons, with a non-volatile memristor as a coupling element (synaptic connection). The frequency synchronization mechanism, inspired by the brain\u2019s oscillatory dynamics, enables the synchronization of SVNOs, facilitating efficient information processing of the dynamic oscillatory signals within the network. This coupling mechanism has been investigated to design SVNOs-based neural circuit design topology for enhanced frequency-encoded computing using SVNOs neurons and memristive coupling synapses. The proposed transmission gate-based SVNO oscillatory neural circuit has been implemented, offering efficient frequency synchronization, non-linearity, and a less complex neural circuit design. Further, a hybrid Spintronic\/complementary metal oxide semiconductor 16-SVNOs HONN is designed, and circuit-based simulations are performed, which offer a promising solution for building robust and scalable HONNs. We achieve fast computation (\u223c4 ns) and offer significantly lower energy consumption (\u223c24 fJ\/neuron) as compared to VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-based ONN architectures (8\u00d7 faster and 4\u00d7 reduced power\/neuron). Finally, we demonstrate an image denoising application on the proposed SVNO-based HONN hardware-compatible accelerator using an image-splitting approach with parallel processing. The 32 \u00d7 32 street view house number image dataset is efficiently split into blocks and processed through the 16-SVNOs HONN design, dividing the image into 4 \u00d7 4 blocks. Lastly, we examined the peak signal-to-noise ratio and structural similarity index measure for denoising the images with an efficient splitting approach for scalability. The network effectively denoises images while maintaining image quality, demonstrating the potential of the HONN hardware-compatible architecture for large-scale and real-time applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/ade622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T22:51:42Z","timestamp":1750373502000},"page":"034001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["SpinONN: energy efficient brain-inspired spintronics-based Hopfield oscillatory neural network for image denoising"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3137-9124","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sandeep","family":"Soni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yasser","family":"Rezaeiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Boehnert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hooman","family":"Farkhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Brajesh Kumar","family":"Kaushik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Farshad","family":"Moradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6340-0368","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sonal","family":"Shreya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"nceade622bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-020-0435-7","article-title":"Neuro-inspired computing chips","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2025-03-12","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2025-06-19","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2025-06-30","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}