{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T06:19:44Z","timestamp":1793859584107,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["K01AG07204401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01AG07204401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson\u2019s Research","award":["MJFF-001018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MJFF-001018"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2R01ES010544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R01ES010544"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ. Res.: Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>While numerous pesticides have been linked to Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), few studies have evaluated the long-term effects of ambient exposure to the wide range of pesticides used in commercial agriculture across multiple decades and exposure windows. We examined the contribution of exposure duration and timing to PD risk in 829 PD patients and 824 controls enrolled in California\u2019s Central Valley. Using a validated geospatial model integrating California pesticide use reporting and land-use data, we quantified proximity-based ambient pesticide applications at residential and workplace addresses for 287 pesticides applied within 500 m of at least 25 participants\u2019 locations between 1974 and 10 years prior to the index year (diagnosis for cases, enrollment for controls, 1998\u20132016). The exposure duration was calculated as the proportion of eligible years with any nearby application. Unconditional logistic regression models (false discovery rate (FDR)-corrected) estimated exposure effects for each pesticide on PD risk, and constrained distributed lag models evaluated associations across time windows before diagnosis. Longer exposure duration to 56 pesticides was associated with increased PD risk (FDR &lt; 0.05), with odds ratios ranging from 1.10 to 1.25 per standard deviation increase in exposure. Among these, 34 overlapped with pesticides previously identified using an intensity-based metric. Endothall showed the strongest association (OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.16\u20131.39). Associations were generally stronger for exposures occurring 11\u201320 or 21\u201330 years prior to diagnosis. These findings indicate that prolonged exposure duration to specific pesticides is relevant to PD risk and suggest latency periods of two to three decades for several agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2752-5309\/ae4645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T23:00:27Z","timestamp":1771282827000},"page":"015011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Duration of agricultural pesticide exposure application and Parkinson\u2019s disease in California\u2019s central valley"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2962-045X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yufan","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4476-2352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly C","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irish Pearl Cambronero","family":"Del Rosario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4662-0606","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Keren","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myles G","family":"Cockburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9581-9032","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laura K","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1930-6619","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adrienne M","family":"Keener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff M","family":"Bronstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6976-7339","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Beate R","family":"Ritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"erhae4645bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15586\/codonpublications.parkinsonsdisease.2018.ch1","type":"book","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: etiology, neuropathology, and pathogenesis","author":"Kouli","year":"2018"},{"key":"erhae4645bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-181474","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The emerging evidence of the Parkinson pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Dorsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"erhae4645bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30299-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015","volume":"16","author":"Feigin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"erhae4645bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4996","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/dds335","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Using genome-wide complex trait analysis to quantify \u2018missing heritability\u2019 in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Keller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"erhae4645bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3043","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Large-scale meta-analysis of genome-wide association data identifies six new risk loci for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"46","author":"Nalls","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"erhae4645bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-019-0165-9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The interplay of aging, genetics and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Pang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"erhae4645bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENVINT.2017.04.010","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Occupational pesticide use and Parkinson\u2019s disease in the Parkinson environment gene (PEG) study","volume":"107","author":"Narayan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"erhae4645bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1093\/IJE\/DYX225","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Pesticide use in agriculture and Parkinson\u2019s disease in the AGRICAN cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Pouchieu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"erhae4645bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38215-z","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A pesticide and iPSC dopaminergic neuron screen identifies and classifies Parkinson-relevant pesticides","volume":"14","author":"Paul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"erhae4645bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1136\/OEMED-2021-108046","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Impact of occupational pesticide exposure assessment method on risk estimates for prostate cancer, non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma and Parkinson\u2019s disease: results of three meta-analyses","volume":"79","author":"Ohlander","year":"2022","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"erhae4645bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.5.1275","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Possible environmental, occupational, and other etiologic factors for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"46","author":"Seidler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"erhae4645bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf216","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Neurodegenerative diseases and exposure to pesticides in the elderly","volume":"157","author":"Baldi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"erhae4645bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwk024","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Pesticide exposure and self-reported Parkinson\u2019s disease in the agricultural health study","volume":"165","author":"Kamel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"erhae4645bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.1.91","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Pesticides and risk of Parkinson disease: a population-based case-control study","volume":"62","author":"Firestone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"erhae4645bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322338","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: etiopathogenesis and treatment","volume":"91","author":"Jankovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"erhae4645bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1093\/AJE\/KWP006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and residential exposure to maneb and paraquat from agricultural applications in the central valley of California","volume":"169","author":"Costello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"erhae4645bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/S10654-011-9574-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease risk from ambient exposure to pesticides","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"erhae4645bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-016-0083-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Of pesticides and men: a California story of genes and environment in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Ritz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"erhae4645bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/MDS.20513","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Clinical characteristics in early Parkinson\u2019s disease in a central California population-based study","volume":"20","author":"Kang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"erhae4645bib20","author":"California Department of Pesticide Regulation","year":"2017","type":"book"},{"key":"erhae4645bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1196\/ANNALS.1371.074","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Geographic model and biomarker-derived measures of pesticide exposure and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"1076","author":"Ritz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"erhae4645bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1093\/AJE\/KWR003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Prostate cancer and ambient pesticide exposure in agriculturally intensive areas in California","volume":"173","author":"Cockburn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"erhae4645bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP.6118","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Historical pesticide exposure in California using pesticide use reports and land-use surveys: an assessment of misclassification error and bias","volume":"111","author":"Rull","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"erhae4645bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dyae004","DOI":"10.1093\/IJE\/DYAE004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Agricultural paraquat dichloride use and Parkinson\u2019s disease in California\u2019s central valley","volume":"53","author":"Paul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"erhae4645bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v043.i08","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Distributed lag linear and non-linear models in r: the package dlnm","volume":"43","author":"Gasparrini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"erhae4645bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1093\/BIOSTATISTICS\/KXAA051","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Treed distributed lag nonlinear models","volume":"23","author":"Mork","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"erhae4645bib27","article-title":"PubChem Compound Summary for CID 168842, Endothall","author":"National center for biotechnology information","year":"2026","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"erhae4645bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CROPRO.2003.08.017","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Desiccation of potato cultivars with endothal and adjuvants","volume":"23","author":"Ivany","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"erhae4645bib29","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2007","type":"report"},{"key":"erhae4645bib30","article-title":"Actively registered active ingredients by common name","author":"California Department of Pesticide Regulation","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"erhae4645bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2012.03.001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Functional consequences of repeated organophosphate exposure: potential non-cholinergic mechanisms","volume":"134","author":"Terry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"erhae4645bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13115","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in organophosphate and nerve agent toxicity","volume":"1378","author":"Pearson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"erhae4645bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24799","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09045-z","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in organophosphate pesticide-induced neurotoxicity and its amelioration: a review","volume":"27","author":"Farkhondeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"erhae4645bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.03.13.643184","type":"other","article-title":"The pesticide chlorpyrifos increases the risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","author":"Hasan","year":"2025"},{"key":"erhae4645bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-85455-9.00024-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mechanism of toxicity and adverse health effects of environmental pollutants","volume":"2022","author":"Vandana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Biodegradation Bioremediat.: Tech. Case Stud. Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"erhae4645bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2022.133572","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Remediation of soil polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons and its reuse for agriculture: recent progress, challenges, and perspectives","volume":"293","author":"Ambaye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"erhae4645bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.12.017","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of hydrocarbon exposure and the risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Palin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"erhae4645bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1093\/IJE\/DYAB179","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Reflection on modern methods: visualizing the effects of collinearity in distributed lag models","volume":"51","author":"Basaga\u00f1a","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Environmental Research: Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2752-5309\/ae4645","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2752-5309\/ae4645\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2752-5309\/ae4645","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2752-5309\/ae4645\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2752-5309\/ae4645\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2752-5309\/ae4645\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2752-5309\/ae4645\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2752-5309\/ae4645\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T13:43:23Z","timestamp":1772545403000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2752-5309\/ae4645"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2752-5309\/ae4645","relation":{},"ISSN":["2752-5309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2752-5309","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Duration of agricultural pesticide exposure application and Parkinson\u2019s disease in California\u2019s central valley","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research: Health","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2025-11-06","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-02-16","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-03-03","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}