{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:21:33Z","timestamp":1774052493137,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023561","name":"Ministerio de Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UP2021-044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UP2021-044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023561","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Union - NextGenerationEU","award":["UP2021-044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UP2021-044"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000921","name":"COST","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CA16104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA16104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018711","name":"Center for Research and Development in Mathematics and Applications","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UIDB\/04106\/2020 and UIDP\/04106\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04106\/2020 and UIDP\/04106\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UP2021-044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UP2021-044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["57\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57\/2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Class. Quantum Grav."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We study the time evolution of spherical, excited (i.e. nodeful) boson star (BS) models. We consider a model including quartic self-interactions, controlled by a coupling \u039b. Performing non-linear simulations of the Einstein-(complex)\u2013Klein\u2013Gordon system, using as initial data equilibrium BSs solutions of that system, we assess the impact of \u039b in the stability properties of the BSs. In the absence of self-interactions (\u039b = 0), we observe the known behaviour that the excited stars in the (candidate) stable branch decay to a non-excited star without a node; however, we show that for large enough values of the self-interactions coupling, these excited stars do not decay (up to timescales of about <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> \u223c 10<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>). The stabilization of the excited states for large enough self-interactions is further supported by evidence that the nodeful states dynamically form through the gravitational cooling mechanism, starting from dilute initial data. Our results support the healing power (against dynamical instabilities) of self-interactions, recently unveiled in the context of the non-axisymmetric instabilities of spinning BSs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6382\/ac4b9b","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T17:23:40Z","timestamp":1642181020000},"page":"064001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Self-interactions can stabilize excited boson stars"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5375-7494","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Sanchis-Gual","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9619-2013","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlos","family":"Herdeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eugen","family":"Radu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib1","author":"Thaller","year":"2000","type":"book"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1103\/physrev.172.1331","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Klein\u2013Gordon Geon","volume":"172","author":"Kaup","year":"1968","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1103\/physrev.187.1767","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Systems of self-gravitating particles in general relativity and the concept of an equation of state","volume":"187","author":"Ruffini","year":"1969","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-1573(92)90123-h","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Boson stars","volume":"220","author":"Jetzer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R301","DOI":"10.1088\/0264-9381\/20\/20\/201","type":"journal-article","article-title":"General relativistic boson stars","volume":"20","author":"Schunck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Class. Quantum Grav."},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.12942\/lrr-2012-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dynamical boson stars","volume":"15","author":"Liebling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Living Rev. Relativ."},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2017.09.036","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Asymptotically flat scalar, Dirac and Proca stars: discrete vs continuous families of solutions","volume":"773","author":"Herdeiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2019.134845","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Asymptotically flat spinning scalar, Dirac and Proca stars","volume":"797","author":"Herdeiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12122032","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Asymptotically flat, spherical, self-interacting scalar, Dirac and Proca stars","volume":"12","author":"Herdeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2020.136027","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Multipolar boson stars: macroscopic Bose\u2013Einstein condensates akin to hydrogen orbitals","volume":"812","author":"Herdeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevd.42.384","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dynamical evolution of boson stars: perturbing the ground state","volume":"42","author":"Seidel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevd.58.104004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dynamical evolution of boson stars: II. Excited states and self-interacting fields","volume":"58","author":"Balakrishna","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevlett.123.221101","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Nonlinear dynamics of spinning bosonic stars: formation and stability","volume":"123","author":"Sanchis-Gual","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevd.102.124009","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dynamical bar-mode instability in spinning bosonic stars","volume":"102","author":"Di Giovanni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevd.103.044022","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Stability of rotating scalar boson stars with nonlinear interactions","volume":"103","author":"Siemonsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevlett.126.241105","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Multifield, multifrequency bosonic stars and a stabilization mechanism","volume":"126","author":"Sanchis-Gual","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-2693(89)90342-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Stability of excited bosonic stellar configurations","volume":"222","author":"Jetzer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevlett.57.2485","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Boson stars: gravitational equilibria of self-interacting scalar fields","volume":"57","author":"Colpi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevd.92.084059","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Kerr black holes with self-interacting scalar hair: hairier but not heavier","volume":"92","author":"Herdeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevd.96.024015","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Quasistationary solutions of scalar fields around collapsing self-interacting boson stars","volume":"96","author":"Escorihuela-Tom\u00e0s","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevd.96.104040","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Lensing and dynamics of ultracompact bosonic stars","volume":"96","author":"Cunha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevd.59.024007","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Numerical integration of Einstein\u2019s field equations","volume":"59","author":"Baumgarte","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5428","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevd.52.5428","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evolution of three-dimensional gravitational waves: harmonic slicing case","volume":"52","author":"Shibata","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1007\/s10714-011-1202-x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Formulations of the 3 + 1 evolution equations in curvilinear coordinates","volume":"43","author":"Alcubierre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gen. Relativ. Gravit."},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevd.85.124037","type":"journal-article","article-title":"BSSN equations in spherical coordinates without regularization: vacuum and nonvacuum spherically symmetric spacetimes","volume":"85","author":"Montero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevd.91.043005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Quasistationary solutions of self-gravitating scalar fields around black holes","volume":"91","author":"Sanchis-Gual","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevd.94.044061","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dynamical formation of a Reissner\u2013Nordstr\u00f6m black hole with scalar hair in a cavity","volume":"94","author":"Sanchis-Gual","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevlett.116.141101","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Explosion and final state of an unstable Reissner\u2013Nordstr\u00f6m black hole","volume":"116","author":"Sanchis-Gual","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevd.102.084063","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dynamical formation and stability of fermion\u2013boson stars","volume":"102","author":"Di Giovanni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6382\/ac1b45","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A stabilization mechanism for excited fermion\u2013boson stars","volume":"38","author":"Di Giovanni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Class. Quantum Grav."},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib31","author":"Cordero-Carri\u00f3n","year":"2014","type":"book"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib32","article-title":"Partially implicit Runge\u2013Kutta methods for wave-like equations","author":"Cordero-Carri\u00f3n","year":"2012","type":"preprint"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevd.92.083001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Quasistationary solutions of self-gravitating scalar fields around collapsing stars","volume":"92","author":"Sanchis-Gual","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevd.95.104028","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Numerical evolutions of spherical Proca stars","volume":"95","author":"Sanchis-Gual","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevd.98.064044","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dynamical formation of Proca stars and quasistationary solitonic objects","volume":"98","author":"Di Giovanni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevd.81.044031","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Multi-state boson stars","volume":"81","author":"Bernal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevd.101.081302","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Gravitational atoms: general framework for the construction of multistate axially symmetric solutions of the Schr\u00f6dinger\u2013Poisson system","volume":"101","author":"Guzm\u00e1n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2021\/04\/051","type":"preprint","article-title":"The imitation game: Proca stars that can mimic the Schwarzschild shadow","author":"Herdeiro","year":"2021"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevd.87.084040","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dynamical evolution of fermion\u2013boson stars","volume":"87","author":"Valdez-Alvarado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevd.102.064038","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fermion\u2013boson stars with a quartic self-interaction in the boson sector","volume":"102","author":"Valdez-Alvarado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevlett.126.081101","type":"journal-article","article-title":"GW190521 as a merger of Proca stars: a potential new vector boson of 8.7 \u00d7 10\u221213 eV","volume":"126","author":"Calder\u00f3n Bustillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevd.75.044023","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Accurate simulations of the dynamical bar-mode instability in full general relativity","volume":"75","author":"Baiotti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgac4b9bbib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevd.100.043014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dynamical stability of quasitoroidal differentially rotating neutron stars","volume":"100","author":"Espino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"}],"container-title":["Classical and Quantum Gravity"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6382\/ac4b9b","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6382\/ac4b9b\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6382\/ac4b9b","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6382\/ac4b9b\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6382\/ac4b9b\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6382\/ac4b9b\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6382\/ac4b9b\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6382\/ac4b9b\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T11:43:56Z","timestamp":1760787836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6382\/ac4b9b"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6382\/ac4b9b","relation":{},"ISSN":["0264-9381","1361-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0264-9381","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Self-interactions can stabilize excited boson stars","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Classical and Quantum Gravity","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2021-10-15","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2022-01-14","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2022-02-17","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}