{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T08:17:17Z","timestamp":1770884237830,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cambridge Service for Data Driven Discovery","award":["ACTP284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACTP284"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008398","name":"Villum Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["37766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["37766"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["2022.01324.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.01324.PTDC"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000271","name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ST\/P002307\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST\/P002307\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017241","name":"Maryland Advanced Research Computing Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Texas Advanced Computing Center"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016353","name":"San Diego Supercomputer Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PHY-090003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHY-090003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016353","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["101052587"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101052587"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018694","name":"Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["101007855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101007855"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Class. Quantum Grav."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Stationary compact astrophysical objects such as black holes and neutron stars behave as classical systems from the gravitational point of view. Their (observable) curvature is everywhere \u2018small\u2019. Here we investigate whether mergers of such objects, or other strongly dynamical spacetimes such as collapsing configurations, may probe the strong-curvature regime of general relativity. Our results indicate that dynamical black hole spacetimes always result in a modest increase <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <jats:tex-math\/>\n                     <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                           <mml:mo>\u223c<\/mml:mo>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mn>3<\/mml:mn>\n                     <\/mml:math>\n                     <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"cqgacb9cdieqn1.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"\/>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> in the Kretschmann scalar, relative to the stationary state. In contrast, we find that the Kretschmann scalar can dynamically increase by orders of magnitude, during the gravitational collapse of scalar fields, and that the (normalized) peak curvature does <jats:italic>not<\/jats:italic> correspond to that of the critical solution. Nevertheless, without fine tuning of initial data, this increase lies far below that needed to render quantum-gravity corrections important.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6382\/acb9cd","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T23:40:42Z","timestamp":1675813242000},"page":"065008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Curvature and dynamical spacetimes: can we peer into the quantum regime?"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0553-0433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9960-5293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Hilditch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1030-8853","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Krinio","family":"Marouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0885-9867","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Nat\u00e1rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3134-7088","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ulrich","family":"Sperhake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.116.061102","volume":"116","author":"Abbott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.11.021053","volume":"11","author":"Abbott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. X"},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L1","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8213\/ab0ec7","volume":"875","author":"Akiyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Astrophys. J. Lett."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L5","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202037813","volume":"636","author":"Abuter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0264-9381\/32\/24\/243001","volume":"32","author":"Berti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Class. Quantum Grav."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6382\/ab0587","volume":"36","author":"Barack","year":"2019","journal-title":"Class. Quantum Grav."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s10714-018-2362-8","volume":"50","author":"Berti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gen. Relativ. Gravit."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s10714-018-2372-6","volume":"50","author":"Berti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gen. Relativ. Gravit."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s41114-019-0020-4","volume":"22","author":"Cardoso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Living Rev. Relativ."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0542-z","volume":"562","author":"Bertone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19000-6","volume":"906","author":"Brito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Phys."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.14.57","volume":"14","author":"Penrose","year":"1965","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016578408204","volume":"1","author":"Penrose","year":"1969","journal-title":"Riv. Nuovo Cim."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6633\/aa778e","volume":"80","author":"Unruh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rept. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1002\/prop.200410203","volume":"53","author":"Mathur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fortschr. Phys."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"JHEP12(2017)047","DOI":"10.1007\/JHEP12(2017)047","author":"Giddings","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. High Energy Phys."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib17","author":"Birrell","year":"1984"},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib18","author":"Parker","year":"2008"},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.12942\/lrr-2004-5","volume":"7","author":"Burgess","year":"2004","journal-title":"Living Rev. Relativ."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"JHEP09(2017)122","DOI":"10.1007\/JHEP09(2017)122","author":"Endlich","journal-title":"J. High Energy Phys."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.118.111301","volume":"118","author":"Agullo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.124.211301","volume":"124","author":"del Rio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.121.251105","volume":"121","author":"Cardoso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S021827182043021X","volume":"29","author":"Emparan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mod. Phys. D"},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218271802002037","volume":"11","author":"Cherubini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Mod. Phys. D"},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib26","author":"Nat\u00e1rio","year":"2021"},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.19.2239","volume":"19","author":"Eardley","year":"1979","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01223743","volume":"93","author":"Christodoulou","year":"1984","journal-title":"Commun. Math. Phys."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0264-9381\/32\/14\/145004","volume":"32","author":"Joshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Class. Quantum Grav."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03173260","volume":"33","author":"Vaidya","year":"1951","journal-title":"Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. A"},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.26.751","volume":"26","author":"Hiscock","year":"1982","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1143\/PTP.72.63","volume":"72","author":"Kuroda","year":"1984","journal-title":"Prog. Theor. Phys."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib33","author":"Joshi","year":"1997"},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0264-9381\/27\/12\/125011","volume":"27","author":"Fayos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Class. Quantum Grav."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevd.103.064072","volume":"103","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0264-9381\/27\/1\/015001","volume":"27","author":"Csizmadia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Class. Quantum Grav."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.73.104002","volume":"73","author":"Baker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.76.104015","volume":"76","author":"Sperhake","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib39","author":"Goodale","year":"2003"},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1088\/0264-9381\/21\/6\/014","volume":"21","author":"Schnetter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Class. Quantum Grav."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1143\/PTPS.90.1","volume":"90","author":"Nakamura","year":"1987","journal-title":"Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5428","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.52.5428","volume":"52","author":"Shibata","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.59.024007","volume":"59","author":"Baumgarte","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.96.111101","volume":"96","author":"Campanelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.96.111102","volume":"96","author":"Baker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4899","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.54.4899","volume":"54","author":"Thornburg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1088\/0264-9381\/21\/2\/026","volume":"21","author":"Thornburg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Class. Quantum Grav."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1088\/0264-9381\/13\/6\/014","volume":"13","author":"Friedrich","year":"1996","journal-title":"Class. Quantum Grav."},{"key":"cqgacb9cdbib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4901","DOI":"10.1088\/0264-9381\/20\/22\/014","volume":"20","author":"Diener","year":"2003","journal-title":"Class. Quantum Grav."}],"container-title":["Classical and Quantum Gravity"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6382\/acb9cd","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6382\/acb9cd\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6382\/acb9cd","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6382\/acb9cd\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6382\/acb9cd\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6382\/acb9cd\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6382\/acb9cd\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6382\/acb9cd\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T06:07:15Z","timestamp":1677132435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6382\/acb9cd"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6382\/acb9cd","relation":{},"ISSN":["0264-9381","1361-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0264-9381","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Curvature and dynamical spacetimes: can we peer into the quantum regime?","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Classical and Quantum Gravity","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2022-09-30","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2023-02-07","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2023-02-23","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}