{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T13:13:39Z","timestamp":1760793219915,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"26","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia","award":["LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-031200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-031200"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (p-MTJs) have attracted great interest due to their excellent performance in spin-transfer-torque magnetic random access memories (STT-MRAMs). Here, the resistance states can be manipulated by an applied current in the order of 10<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\u201310<jats:sup>10<\/jats:sup> A m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>, yet the appearance of a heating influence must be understood. In this work, we systematically study the Seebeck effect in nano scale p-MTJs induced due to Joule heating by the tunneling current. The CoFeB\/MgO\/CoFeB-based p-MTJs were nanofabricated and the current-induced switching was characterized. We find a sign change of the thermovoltage (\u0394<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>) between AP (positive) and P (negative) states, indicating a significant dependence of the Seebeck effect on the magnetic state of the p-MTJ. The temperature distribution in the stack was simulated, by which the Seebeck coefficient (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>) and the tunnel magneto-Seebeck ratio were calculated. Our further study indicates that the thermal STT can reduce the switching currents, showing the possibility to re-use this dissipative heating energy. To improve the efficiency of the energy re-use, a method is proposed through the materials optimization of the non-magnetic layers but still retaining high tunneling magnetoresistance effect. Our study shows that the magneto-Seebeck effect plays an important role in the p-MTJs, which can be crucial and must be considered in the design of the high performance p-STT-MRAMs and thermal-assisted MRAMs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ac5e8a","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T18:46:56Z","timestamp":1647456416000},"page":"265302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Seebeck effect and Joule heating in CoFeB\/MgO\/CoFeB-based perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions with low resistance area product"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Hua","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joao","family":"Fidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4672-8676","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas","family":"Kampfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Juergen","family":"Langer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jerzy","family":"Wrona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Berthold","family":"Ocker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paulo P","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6913-6529","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susana","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"dac5e8abib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2804","type":"journal-article","volume":"9","author":"Ikeda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. 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All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2021-12-29","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2022-03-16","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2022-04-08","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}