{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T22:33:20Z","timestamp":1775774000654,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656028800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["TBI-V-1-321-VBW-112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TBI-V-1-321-VBW-112"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia of Portugal","award":["UIDP\/50010\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50010\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fundthrough the Operational Program of the Autonomous Region of Madeira","award":["PlasMa-M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PlasMa-M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The lifetime of tungsten cathodes used in plasma spray torches is limited by processes leading to a loss of cathode material. It was reported in the literature that the mechanism of their erosion is the evaporation. A model of the ionization layer of a cathode is developed to study the diffusive transport of evaporated tungsten atoms and tungsten ions produced due to ionization by electron impact in a background argon plasma. It is shown that the Stefan\u2013Maxwell equations do not reduce to Fick law as one could expect for the transport of diluted species, which is due to significant diffusion velocities of argon ions. The ionization of tungsten atoms occurs in a distance of a few micrometers from the cathode surface and leads to a strong sink, which increases the net flux of tungsten atoms far beyond that obtained in absence of tungsten ions. This shows that the tungsten ions are driven by the electric field towards the cathode resulting in no net diffusive flux and no removal of tungsten species from the ionization layer even if convection is accounted for. A possible mechanism of removal is found by extending the model to comprise an anode. The extended model resolves the inter-electrode region and provides the plasma parameters for a current density corresponding to the value at the center of the cathode under typical arc currents of 600\u2009A and 800\u2009A. The presence of the anode causes a reversal of the electric field on the anode side, which pulls the ions away from the ionization layer of the cathode. The net flux of tungsten ions can be further fortified by convection. This model allows one to evaluate the loss of cathode material under realistic operating conditions in a quantitative agreement with measured values.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ac791c","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T22:21:51Z","timestamp":1655331711000},"page":"365202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Modelling and experimental evidence of the cathode erosion in a plasma spray torch"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3305-2870","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M","family":"Baeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9059-1948","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M S","family":"Benilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9419-4170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"H","family":"Testrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8252-7265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T","family":"Kewitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R","family":"Foest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"dac791cbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/45\/13\/135201","article-title":"Cathode erosion in a high-pressure high-current arc: calculations for tungsten cathode in a free-burning argon arc","volume":"45","author":"Nemchinsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2022-05-02","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2022-06-15","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2022-06-24","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}