{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T03:08:54Z","timestamp":1768273734173,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EP\/V025198\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/V025198\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Grant 828841-ChipAIH2020- FETOPEN-2018-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant 828841-ChipAIH2020- FETOPEN-2018-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Optoelectronic artificial spiking neurons are regarded as promising core elements for novel photonic neuromorphic computing hardware. In this work, we investigate a modular optoelectronic spiking neuron built with an excitable resonant tunneling diode (RTD) coupled to a photodetector and a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). This work provides the first experimental demonstration of amplitude control of the fired optical spikes in the electrical-to-optical part of the artificial neuron, therefore introducing a simple way of weighting of the presynaptic spikes. This is achieved by tuning the VCSEL bias current, hence providing a straightforward, high-speed, hardware-friendly option for the weighting of optical spiking signals. Furthermore, we validate the feasibility of this layout using a simulation of a monolithically integrated, RTD-based nanoscale optoelectronic spiking neuron model, which confirms the system\u2019s capability to deliver weighted optical spiking signals at GHz firing rates. These results demonstrate a high degree of flexibility of RTD-based artificial optoelectronic spiking neurons and highlight their potential towards compact, high-speed photonic spiking neural networks and light-enabled neuromorphic hardware.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/aca914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:39:00Z","timestamp":1670373540000},"page":"084001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Tunable presynaptic weighting in optoelectronic spiking neurons built with laser-coupled resonant tunneling diodes"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7797-8734","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Weikang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4493-9426","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mat\u011bj","family":"Hejda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Malysheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Qusay","family":"Raghib Ali Al-Taai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Javaloyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Wasige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5668-7073","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M L","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Dolores-Calzadilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1485-6665","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bruno","family":"Romeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Hurtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"daca914bib1","author":"Prucnal","year":"2017","edition":"1st edn"},{"key":"daca914bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.84.036209","article-title":"Solitary and coupled semiconductor ring lasers as optical spiking neurons","volume":"84","author":"Coomans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"daca914bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30758-2","article-title":"Externally-triggered activation and inhibition of optical pulsating regimes in quantum-dot mode-locked lasers","volume":"8","author":"Robertson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"daca914bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.028922","article-title":"Excitation transfer between optically injected microdisk lasers","volume":"21","author":"Van Vaerenbergh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"daca914bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2014.2376775","article-title":"High-speed spiking and bursting oscillations in a long-delayed broadband optoelectronic oscillator","volume":"33","author":"Romeira","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"daca914bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19510","article-title":"Regenerative memory in time-delayed neuromorphic photonic resonators","volume":"6","author":"Romeira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"daca914bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-019-05339-1","article-title":"Controllable spiking dynamics in cascaded VCSEL-SA photonic neurons","volume":"99","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nonlinear Dyn."},{"key":"daca914bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7647\/aba670","article-title":"Spike-based information encoding in vertical cavity surface emitting lasers for neuromorphic photonic systems","volume":"2","author":"Hejda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Photon."},{"key":"daca914bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2019.2899040","article-title":"Electrically controlled neuron-like spiking regimes in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers at ultrafast rates","volume":"25","author":"Robertson","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"daca914bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4937730","article-title":"Controllable spiking patterns in long-wavelength vertical cavity surface emitting lasers for neuromorphic photonics systems","volume":"107","author":"Hurtado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"daca914bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.42.001560","article-title":"Controlled inhibition of spiking dynamics in VCSELs for neuromorphic photonics: theory and experiments","volume":"42","author":"Robertson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"daca914bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.450926","article-title":"Photonic neuromorphic computing using vertical cavity semiconductor lasers","volume":"12","author":"Skalli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"daca914bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.450923","article-title":"Photonic synaptic system for MAC operations by interconnected vertical cavity surface emitting lasers","volume":"12","author":"Robertson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"daca914bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4874","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08703-1","article-title":"Ultrafast neuromorphic photonic image processing with a VCSEL neuron","volume":"12","author":"Robertson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"daca914bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0064374","article-title":"Weight adjustable photonic synapse by non-linear gain in a vertical cavity semiconductor optical amplifier","volume":"119","author":"Alanis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"daca914bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0048674","article-title":"Neuromorphic encoding of image pixel data into rate-coded optical spike trains with a photonic VCSEL-neuron","volume":"6","author":"Hejda","year":"2021","journal-title":"APL Photon."},{"key":"daca914bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.456583","article-title":"Frequency-switched photonic spiking neurons","volume":"30","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"daca914bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2013.2239614","article-title":"Dynamics of VCSELs subject to optical injection of arbitrary polarization","volume":"19","author":"Al-Seyab","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"daca914bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.010256","article-title":"Stability of the nonlinear dynamics of an optically injected VCSEL","volume":"20","author":"Toomey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"daca914bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/cta.172","article-title":"Cellular neural networks based on resonant tunnelling diodes","volume":"29","author":"H\u00e4nggi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Circuit Theory Appl."},{"key":"daca914bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5008888","article-title":"Delay dynamics of neuromorphic optoelectronic nanoscale resonators: perspectives and applications","volume":"27","author":"Romeira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chaos"},{"key":"daca914bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2022-0362","article-title":"Artificial optoelectronic spiking neuron based on a resonant tunnelling diode coupled to a vertical cavity surface emitting laser","author":"Hejda","year":"2022"},{"key":"daca914bib23","article-title":"Monolithic microwave\/millimetrewave integrated circuit resonant tunnelling diode dources with around a milliwatt output power","author":"Wang","year":"2014"},{"key":"daca914bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1109\/TTHZ.2022.3142965","article-title":"Resonant tunnelling diodes high-speed terahertz wireless communications - a review","volume":"12","author":"Cimbri","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol."},{"key":"daca914bib25","author":"Mizuta","year":"1995"},{"key":"daca914bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.29.1970","article-title":"Physics of resonant tunneling. the one-dimensional double-barrier case","volume":"29","author":"Ricco","year":"1984","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"daca914bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1063\/1.98418","article-title":"Quantum transport calculation of the small-signal response of a resonant tunneling diode","volume":"51","author":"Frensley","year":"1987","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"daca914bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1063\/1.94434","article-title":"Resonant tunneling through quantum wells at frequencies up to 2.5 THz","volume":"43","author":"Sollner","year":"1983","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"daca914bib29","first-page":"pp 1","article-title":"Optical characteristics analysis of resonant tunneling diode photodiode based oscillators","author":"Zhang","year":"2018"},{"key":"daca914bib30","first-page":"pp 1","article-title":"1.98 THz resonant-tunneling-diode oscillator with reduced conduction loss by thick antenna electrode","author":"Izumi","year":"2017"},{"key":"daca914bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3600329","article-title":"Light-induced stochastic resonance in a nanoscale resonant-tunneling diode","volume":"98","author":"Hartmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"daca914bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.020931","article-title":"Excitability and optical pulse generation in semiconductor lasers driven by resonant tunneling diode photo-detectors","volume":"21","author":"Romeira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"daca914bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4149","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2020-0177","article-title":"NanoLEDs for energy-efficient and gigahertz-speed spike-based sub-neuromorphic nanophotonic computing","volume":"9","author":"Romeira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"daca914bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5118217","article-title":"A comprehensive review on emerging artificial neuromorphic devices","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Rev."},{"key":"daca914bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.17.024072","article-title":"Resonant tunneling diode nano-optoelectronic excitable nodes for neuromorphic spike-based information processing","volume":"17","author":"Hejda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"daca914bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.451706","article-title":"Spike propagation in a nanolaser-based optoelectronic neuron","volume":"12","author":"Ortega-Piwonka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"daca914bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2912293","article-title":"Physical limits of NanoLEDs and nanolasers for optical communications","volume":"108","author":"Romeira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"daca914bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1109\/55.491835","article-title":"Physics-based RTD current\u2013voltage equation","volume":"17","author":"Schulman","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Electron Device Lett."}],"container-title":["Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6463\/aca914","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6463\/aca914\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6463\/aca914","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6463\/aca914\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6463\/aca914\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6463\/aca914\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6463\/aca914\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6463\/aca914\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T14:23:46Z","timestamp":1675779826000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6463\/aca914"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6463\/aca914","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3727","1361-6463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3727","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-6463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Tunable presynaptic weighting in optoelectronic spiking neurons built with laser-coupled resonant tunneling diodes","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2022-09-04","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2022-12-06","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2023-02-07","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}