{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T04:16:03Z","timestamp":1773807363432,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636675200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Smart Mater. Struct."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    An embedded PZT sensor is developed for\n                    <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    monitoring of 3D-printed materials formed by extrusion-based layer deposition. The PZT sensor with a two-layer protection coating is embedded in the material during the layer deposition, and continuous measurements are obtained through the post-printing period. The PZT sensor is used to detect the physio-chemical changes in the alkali-activated fly ash-slag geopolymer with time. The effect of the added weight of each layer of print is sensitively reflected in the electrical impedance (EI) measurement obtained from the PZT sensor. The changes in EI measurements obtained from the embedded PZT sensor are compared with the measurements on the material related to the changes in the rheological behavior, reaction kinetics assessed using calorimetry, and setting behavior in the material. The build-up of the internal structure within the material, which allows buildability, is assessed from the conductance signature of the embedded PZT sensor. The changes produced by the chemical reactions within the binder, which bring about irreversible changes leading to the setting of the printed structure, are also sensitively detected in the EI measurements from the embedded PZT sensor. The amplitude of conductance is sensitive to the setting of the material. The frequency changes from the recorded EI signature reflect the continuous increase in the material stiffness with time.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665x\/ac3438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T18:13:43Z","timestamp":1635444823000},"page":"125024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["<i>In situ<\/i>\n                    embedded PZT sensor for monitoring 3D concrete printing: application in alkali-activated fly ash-slag geopolymers"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8286-0976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amarteja","family":"Kocherla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tippabhotla A","family":"Kamakshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kolluru V L","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"smsac3438bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.092","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Compatibility between superplasticizer admixtures and cements with mineral additions","volume":"31","author":"Burgos-Montes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"smsac3438bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s40069-016-0158-3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Viscoelastic properties of fresh cement paste to study the flow behavior","volume":"10","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater."},{"key":"smsac3438bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-007-0307-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Rheological characteristic of cement clean paste and flowing behavior of fresh mixing concrete with pumping in pipeline","volume":"14","author":"Deng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ. Technol."},{"key":"smsac3438bib4","first-page":"242","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Rheological method to evaluate structural build-up in self-consolidating concrete cement pastes","volume":"104","author":"Ferron","year":"2007","journal-title":"ACI Mater. J."},{"key":"smsac3438bib5","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"Current progress of 3D concrete printing technologies","volume":"vol 34","author":"Nematollahi","year":"2017"},{"key":"smsac3438bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-015-0571-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Structural built-up of cement-based materials used for 3D-printing extrusion techniques","volume":"49","author":"Perrot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"smsac3438bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/C2017-0-02407-2","type":"book","author":"Nerella","year":"2019"},{"key":"smsac3438bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2016.1209867","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of concrete in construction: potentials and challenges of 3D concrete printing","volume":"11","author":"Bos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virtual Phys. Prototyp."},{"key":"smsac3438bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.061","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Rheological and harden properties of the high-thixotropy 3D printing concrete","volume":"201","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"smsac3438bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-006-0637-z","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Geopolymer technology: the current state of the art","volume":"42","author":"Duxson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"smsac3438bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01904446","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Geopolymers and geopolymeric materials","volume":"35","author":"Davidovits","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal."},{"key":"smsac3438bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2014.10.015","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of temperature and aluminium on calcium (alumino) silicate hydrate chemistry under equilibrium conditions","volume":"68","author":"Myers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"smsac3438bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.10.010","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Influence of processing temperature on the reaction product and strength gain in alkali-activated fly ash","volume":"95","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Compos."},{"key":"smsac3438bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1107\/S1600576720001399","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Quantitative phase analysis of slag hydrating in an alkaline environment","volume":"53","author":"Reddy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."},{"key":"smsac3438bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119514","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Study on the influences of silica and sodium in the alkali-activation of ground granulated blast furnace slag","volume":"257","author":"Reddy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"smsac3438bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2018.03.031","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Experimental study on mix proportion and fresh properties of fly ash based geopolymer for 3D concrete printing","volume":"44","author":"Panda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"smsac3438bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2018.11.131","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Rheological behavior of high volume fly ash mixtures containing micro silica for digital construction application","volume":"237","author":"Panda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"smsac3438bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.107634","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Insights into material design, extrusion rheology, and properties of 3D-printable alkali-activated fly ash-based binders","volume":"167","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"smsac3438bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.103983","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Formulation of alkali-activated fly ash-slag binders for 3D concrete printing","volume":"119","author":"Kondepudi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Compos."},{"key":"smsac3438bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2014.01.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Influence of purified attapulgite clays on the adhesive properties of cement pastes as measured by the tack test","volume":"48","author":"Kawashima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Compos."},{"key":"smsac3438bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(00)00236-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The effect of ultra-fine admixture on the rheological property of cement paste","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"smsac3438bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2015.03.009","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Thixotropy and structural breakdown properties of self consolidating concrete containing various supplementary cementitious materials","volume":"59","author":"Ahari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Compos."},{"key":"smsac3438bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.068","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Influence of sodium gluconate on the performance and hydration of Portland cement","volume":"91","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"smsac3438bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2017.08.019","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effects of interlocking on interlayer adhesion and strength of structures in 3D printing of concrete","volume":"83","author":"Zareiyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"smsac3438bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2021.102443","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Non-destructive testing to characterize interlayer bonds of idealized concrete additive manufacturing products","volume":"121","author":"Helsel","year":"2021","journal-title":"NDT & E Int."},{"key":"smsac3438bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117982","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Real-time quantification of fresh and hardened mechanical property for 3D printing material by intellectualization with piezoelectric transducers","volume":"241","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"smsac3438bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.04.055","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Understanding the coupled electromechanical response of a PZT patch attached to concrete: influence of substrate size","volume":"124","author":"Narayanan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"smsac3438bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10921-017-0442-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Embedded PZT sensor for monitoring mechanical impedance of hydrating cementitious materials","volume":"36","author":"Narayanan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nondestruct. Eval."},{"key":"smsac3438bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ab6955","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Embedded electrical impedance-based PZT sensor for monitoring hydrating concrete: development and evaluation","volume":"29","author":"Kocherla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"smsac3438bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2020.108018","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Embedded smart PZT-based sensor for internal damage detection in concrete under applied compression","volume":"163","author":"Kocherla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"smsac3438bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Investigations on effectiveness of embedded PZT patches at varying orientations for monitoring concrete hydration using EMI technique","volume":"169","author":"Negi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"smsac3438bib32","author":"IS: 5513\u20131996","year":"1996","type":"book"},{"key":"smsac3438bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02475106","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Constitutive equation for concrete creep and shrinkage based on thermodynamics of multiphase systems","volume":"3","author":"Ba\u017eant","year":"1970","journal-title":"Mat\u00e9r. Constr."},{"key":"smsac3438bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2009.12.001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A new look at the measurement of cementitious paste setting by Vicat test","volume":"40","author":"Sleiman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"smsac3438bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2011.09.004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The origins of thixotropy of fresh cement pastes","volume":"42","author":"Roussel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"smsac3438bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2017.05.014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"On the measurement of evolution of structural build-up of cement paste with time by static yield stress test vs small amplitude oscillatory shear test","volume":"99","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"smsac3438bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106253","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effects of activator properties and GGBFS\/FA ratio on the structural build-up and rheology of AAC","volume":"138","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"smsac3438bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921719893069","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Monitoring of concrete curing using the electromechanical impedance technique: review and path forward","volume":"20","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."}],"container-title":["Smart Materials and Structures"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-665X\/ac3438","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-665X\/ac3438\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-665X\/ac3438","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-665X\/ac3438\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-665X\/ac3438\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-665X\/ac3438\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-665X\/ac3438\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-665X\/ac3438\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T14:21:17Z","timestamp":1763216477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-665X\/ac3438"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-665x\/ac3438","relation":{},"ISSN":["0964-1726","1361-665X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0964-1726","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-665X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"In situ\n                      embedded PZT sensor for monitoring 3D concrete printing: application in alkali-activated fly ash-slag geopolymers","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Smart Materials and Structures","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2021-07-25","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2021-10-28","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2021-11-12","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}