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This dynamic provides a framework for establishing limits on boson-neutrino interactions, previously constrained by neutrino self-interaction considerations. In the saturation phase, boson clouds have the capacity to accelerate fermions to TeV energies, producing fluxes that surpass those from atmospheric neutrinos near black holes. These fluxes open new avenues for observations through high-energy neutrino detectors like IceCube, as well as through dark matter direct detection efforts focused on targeted black holes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2025\/02\/035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T15:34:48Z","timestamp":1739547288000},"page":"035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Black holes as fermion factories"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2507-8272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0740-1283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0553-0433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"b98a24f8ac9e204f7cc432f37f81d4e78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-2693(83)90637-8","article-title":"Cosmology of the Invisible Axion","volume":"120","author":"Preskill","year":"1983","journal-title":"Phys. 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