{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T12:33:21Z","timestamp":1740141201608,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Phys.: Conf. Ser."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This paper reports the implementation of two critical technologies used in LiDARs: 1) A microchip Q-switched laser breadboard and 2) breadboard of an Indium gallium arsenide avalanche photodiode working at 300 K with high reverse polarization voltages. Microchip Q-switched lasers are small solid state back pumped lasers, that can generate high energy short pulses. The implemented breadboard used an Erbium and Ytterbium co doped phosphate glass, a COMALO crystal with 98% (initial transparency) and an output coupler of 98% reflectivity. For the sensor test, a system for the simultaneous operation in vacuum and wide range of temperatures was developed. Avalanche photodiodes are reverse polarized photodiodes with high internal gain, due to their multiple layer composition, capable of building up high values of photocurrent from small optical signals by exploiting the avalanche breakdown effects. The test avalanche photodetector was assembled to be operated in two modes: Linear and Geiger mode, to achieve this behavior, a transimpedance amplifier circuit was implemented. These two technologies are critical for mobile LiDAR applications, due to its low mass and high efficiency. The paper describes the breadboard implementation method and sensor characterization at low temperature and high voltage (beyond breakdown voltage).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2526\/1\/012118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T12:49:18Z","timestamp":1687956558000},"page":"012118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Breadboard of Microchip and Avalanche Photodiode in Linear and Geiger Mode for LiDAR Applications"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"2526","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Beltran","family":"Nadal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Onderwater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Gordo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Melicio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"266","reference":[{"key":"JPCS_2526_1_012118bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1024\/1\/012112","article-title":"HERA mission LIDAR altimeter implementation","volume":"1024","author":"Dias","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering"},{"key":"JPCS_2526_1_012118bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1108\/AEAT-12-2020-0300","article-title":"LIDAR altimeter conception for HERA spacecraft","volume":"93","author":"Dias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology"},{"key":"JPCS_2526_1_012118bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.3390\/app12073497","article-title":"Analysis on the isostatic bipod mounts for the HERA mission LIDAR","volume":"12","author":"Dias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"JPCS_2526_1_012118bib4","article-title":"HERA mission LIDAR mechanical and optical design","volume":"1026","author":"Dias","year":"2022","journal-title":"IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering"},{"key":"JPCS_2526_1_012118bib5","first-page":"1","article-title":"The ESA Hera mission: detailed characterization of the DART impact outcome and of the binary asteroid (65803) Didymos","volume":"3","author":"Michael","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Planetary Science Journal"},{"key":"JPCS_2526_1_012118bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4322","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.40.004322","article-title":"Cobalt-doped transparent glass ceramic as a saturable absorber Q switch for erbium:glass lasers","volume":"40","author":"Malyarevich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Applied Optics"},{"key":"JPCS_2526_1_012118bib7","first-page":"213","volume":"1","author":"Couto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Construction and characterization of a pump source for a microchip laser for space applications"},{"key":"JPCS_2526_1_012118bib8","volume":"10006","author":"Couto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Development and validation of a microchip pulsed laser for ESA space altimeters"},{"year":"2017","author":"Abreu","key":"JPCS_2526_1_012118bib9"},{"key":"JPCS_2526_1_012118bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.000815","article-title":"High sensitivity 10Gb\/s Si photonic receiver based on a low-voltagewaveguide-coupled Ge avalanche photodetector","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Optics. Express"}],"container-title":["Journal of Physics: Conference Series"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/2526\/1\/012118","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/2526\/1\/012118\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/2526\/1\/012118\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/2526\/1\/012118\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T12:49:29Z","timestamp":1687956569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/2526\/1\/012118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/2526\/1\/012118","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-6588","1742-6596"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1742-6588"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1742-6596"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Breadboard of Microchip and Avalanche Photodiode in Linear and Geiger Mode for LiDAR Applications","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}