{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T14:52:52Z","timestamp":1773413572466,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Phys.: Conf. Ser."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The steel industry is one of the largest industrial emitters of carbon dioxide, and new production routes are required to meet climate targets. Hydrogen-based direct reduction combined with an electric arc furnace is widely discussed as a promising pathway to significantly reduce emissions. This study investigates this production pathway with a mix of 87% scrap and 13% reduced iron. The system requires 3.40 GJ\/t\n                    <jats:sub>Steel<\/jats:sub>\n                    , with hydrogen production and scrap melting as the main energy consumers. Exergy results show efficiencies of 53.6% for the electrolyzer, 74.8% for the reduction furnace, and 87.2% for the arc furnace, leading to an overall resource efficiency of 78.1%, more than twice that of the conventional blast furnace\u2013basic oxygen furnace route. Emissions are 128 kg\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      e\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    \/t\n                    <jats:sub>Steel<\/jats:sub>\n                    with the Portuguese grid mix and 70 kg\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      e\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    \/t\n                    <jats:sub>Steel<\/jats:sub>\n                    with 100% renewables, corresponding to &gt;94% reduction compared to conventional production. The results confirm the potential of hydrogen-based steelmaking for low-carbon steel production, while highlighting electrolyzer efficiency and renewable electricity availability as the main challenges. Further improvements through heat integration and by-product valorization could support both efficiency and sustainability\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/3195\/1\/012013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T10:42:18Z","timestamp":1773398538000},"page":"012013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hydrogen-Based Steelmaking: An Energy, Exergy and Environmental Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"3195","author":[{"given":"Florentin","family":"Eckl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Moita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rui 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