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Phys. Energy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Micro-concentrator photovoltaics combine sub-millimeter scale solar cells with optical concentrator systems, enabling higher power conversion efficiencies, material savings, and improved heat management. In this work, we investigated the effects of thermal treatment of Cu\u2013In\u2013Ga precursors on Cu(In,Ga)Se<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> micro solar cells. The devices were fabricated by sputtering a Cu\u2013In\u2013Ga precursor onto a soda-lime glass\/SiO<jats:italic>\n                     <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                  <\/jats:italic>N<jats:italic>\n                     <jats:sub>y<\/jats:sub>\n                  <\/jats:italic>\/Mo\/SiO<jats:italic>\n                     <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                  <\/jats:italic> pre-structured substrate with micro-holes of 200 and 250 <jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>m diameter, defined by photolithography. The precursor undergoes thermal treatment at 450 \u00b0C, followed by selenization at 480 \u00b0C. The treated Cu\u2013In\u2013Ga exhibited a smoother surface, with indistinct grains, compared to the as-deposited film. However, areas of exposed Mo were observed upon treatment. After selenization, the treated micro-absorber exhibited improved elemental composition with Cu to (Ga + In) ratio of 0.81 \u00b1 0.06, compared to 0.76 \u00b1 0.13 for the untreated micro-absorber. Electrical characterization of the devices revealed better overall performance for the treated Cu(In,Ga)Se<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> micro solar cells, with an average <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sub>oc<\/jats:sub> of (239 \u00b1 26) mV, significantly higher than the (176 \u00b1 25) mV achieved by untreated micro cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7655\/ae020e","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T22:55:15Z","timestamp":1756853715000},"page":"045020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of thermal treatment on micro-Cu(In,Ga)Se<sub>2<\/sub> solar cells prepared by one-stage selenization of sputter Cu\u2013In\u2013Ga precursor"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2405-7119","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marina","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4846-6497","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ricardo G","family":"Poeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4821-8669","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Phillip J","family":"Dale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9778-5390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim O","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8384-6025","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sascha","family":"Sadewasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"jpenergyae020ebib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-824372-5.00004-X","type":"book","article-title":"Exergy, environment, and sustainable development","author":"Dincer","year":"2021","edition":"3rd edn"},{"year":"2024","author":"UN-DESA","key":"jpenergyae020ebib2","type":"book"},{"year":"2023","author":"UN-DESA","article-title":"The sustainable development goals report 2023: special edition","key":"jpenergyae020ebib3","type":"report"},{"key":"jpenergyae020ebib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.01.003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Solar pv cell materials and technologies: analyzing the recent developments","volume":"43","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. 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