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Futures"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis represents a promising technology for green hydrogen production, but its widespread deployment is greatly hindered by the indispensable usage of platinum group metal catalysts, especially iridium (Ir) based materials for the energy-demanding oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, we report a new sequential precipitation approach to the synthesis of mixed Ir-nickel (Ni) oxy-hydroxide supported on antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles (IrNi<jats:italic>\n                     <jats:sub>y<\/jats:sub>\n                  <\/jats:italic>O<jats:italic>\n                     <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                  <\/jats:italic>\/ATO, 20 wt.% (Ir + Ni), <jats:italic>y<\/jats:italic> = 0, 1, 2, and 3), aiming to reduce the utilisation of scarce and precious Ir while maintaining its good acidic OER performance. When tested in strongly acidic electrolyte (0.1 M HClO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>), the optimised IrNi<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>O<jats:italic>\n                     <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                  <\/jats:italic>\/ATO shows a mass activity of 1.0 mA <jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>g<jats:sub>Ir<\/jats:sub>\n                  <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and a large turnover frequency of 123 s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> at an overpotential of 350 mV, as well as a comparatively small Tafel slope of 50 mV dec<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, better than the IrO<jats:italic>\n                     <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                  <\/jats:italic>\/ATO control, particularly with a markedly reduced Ir loading of only 19.7 <jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>g<jats:sub>Ir<\/jats:sub> cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>. Importantly, IrNi<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>O<jats:italic>\n                     <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                  <\/jats:italic>\/ATO also exhibits substantially better catalytic stability than other reference catalysts, able to continuously catalyse acidic OER at 10 mA cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> for 15 h without obvious degradation. Our <jats:italic>in-situ<\/jats:italic> synchrotron-based x-ray absorption spectroscopy confirmed that the Ir<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\/Ir<jats:sup>4+<\/jats:sup> species are the active sites for the acidic OER. Furthermore, the performance of IrNi<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>O<jats:italic>\n                     <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                  <\/jats:italic>\/ATO was also preliminarily evaluated in a membrane electrode assembly, which shows better activity and stability than other reference catalysts. The IrNi<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>O<jats:italic>\n                     <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                  <\/jats:italic>\/ATO reported in this work is a promising alternative to commercial IrO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> based catalysts for PEM electrolysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2752-5724\/ad16d2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T22:48:42Z","timestamp":1702939722000},"page":"015102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Mixed iridium-nickel oxides supported on antimony-doped tin oxide as highly efficient and stable acidic oxygen evolution catalysts"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Jonathan Ruiz","family":"Esquius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alec P","family":"LaGrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8657-451X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rita","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ad\u00e9lio","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2732-7399","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lifeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"mfad16d2bib1","author":"Dale","year":"2021"},{"key":"mfad16d2bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1038\/461472a","article-title":"A safe operating space for humanity","volume":"461","author":"Rockstr\u00f6m","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"mfad16d2bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trechm.2023.01.002","article-title":"Recent advances of ruthenium-based electrocatalysts for hydrogen energy","volume":"5","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Chem."},{"key":"mfad16d2bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2752-5724\/acf2fd","article-title":"Research prospects of graphene-based catalyst for seawater electrolysis","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. 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