{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T17:47:16Z","timestamp":1775152036160,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]],"date-time":"2004-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1080777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["DNA and Cell Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    New and effective approaches for inflammatory diseases based on novel mechanisms of action are needed. One potential source of anti-inflammatory drugs exists among viruses. Viruses have evolved to infect, replicate within, and kill human cells through diverse mechanisms. They accomplish this fact by finding ways to out with the host's complex immune machinery. It is possible that the viral proteins and pathways involved in the downregulation of host immune function during infection can be exploited as a therapeutic in diseases that result in the overactivity of the immune system. Indeed, the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protein, Vpr, affects cells in a number of ways that may prove useful for exploitation for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Vpr has effects on T-cell proliferation, cytokine production, chemokine production, and Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    B)-mediated transcription. Importantly, it has been observed that Vpr downregulates NF-\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    B and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and IL-12. These activities are worthy of further examination for control of hyperinflammatory and hyperproliferative conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/104454904773819824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,27]],"date-time":"2004-04-27T22:07:38Z","timestamp":1083103658000},"page":"239-247","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["HIV-1 Vpr and Anti-Inflammatory Activity"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Karuppiah","family":"Muthumani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brijal M.","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, MS1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew Y.","family":"Choo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program for Biological and Biomedical Sciences (BBS), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominick J.","family":"Laddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khanh P.","family":"Thieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rushil G.","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Weiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]]},"container-title":["DNA and Cell Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/104454904773819824","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/104454904773819824","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T15:12:43Z","timestamp":1773241963000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/104454904773819824"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/104454904773819824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/104454904773819824","relation":{},"ISSN":["1044-5498","1557-7430"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1044-5498","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7430","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]}}}