{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:11:38Z","timestamp":1787807498182,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Nickel\u2013titanium (NiTi) alloys have shown promise for a variety of biomedical applications because of their unique properties of shape memory, superelasticity, and low modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus). Nevertheless, NiTi bulk components cannot be easily machined (e.g., CNC, rolling, grinding, casting, or press molding) due to their thermomechanical sensitivity as well as inherent superelasticity and shape memory. Thus, powder bed fusion (PBF) additive manufacturing has been used to successfully fabricate NiTi medical devices that match the geometric and mechanical needs of a particular patient's condition. However, NiTi PBF fabrication leaves unmelted particles from the source powder adhered to external surfaces, which cause minor dimensional inaccuracy, increase the risk of mechanical failure, and once loose, may irritate or inflame surrounding tissues. Therefore, there is a need to develop a chemical polishing (cleaning) technique to remove unmelted powder from the surfaces of PBF-fabricated implants, especially from inner surfaces that are difficult to access with mechanical polishing tools. This technique is especially useful for highly porous devices printed at high resolution. In this study, a chemical polishing method utilizing HF\/HNO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    solution was used to remove loosely attached (i.e., unmelted) powder particles from surfaces of porous, skeletal fixation plates manufactured by PBF AM. It was observed that 7\u2009min of polishing in an HF\/HNO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    solution comprising 7.5 HF: 50 HNO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    : 42.5 H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O enabled successful removal of all relatively loose and unmelted powder particles. A microcomputed tomography study examination found that the volumetric accuracy of the polished skeletal fixation plates was \u00b110% compared with the computer-aided design (CAD) model from which it was rendered. This postprocessing chemical polishing protocol is also likely to be useful for removing loose powder, while maintaining CAD model accuracy and mechanical stability for other complexly shaped, porous, three-dimensional (3D), printed NiTi devices.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/3dp.2020.0209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T22:09:46Z","timestamp":1624658986000},"page":"269-277","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Chemical Polishing of Additively Manufactured, Porous, Nickel\u2013Titanium Skeletal Fixation Plates"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Chmielewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland."},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmadreza","family":"Jahadakbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ThermoMorph, LLC, Toledo, Ohio, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart\u0142omiej","family":"Wysocki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Digital Science and Technology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Elahinia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"\u015awi\u0119szkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA."},{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/09544100JAERO211"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2009.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.04.070"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","article-title":"Flying smart: Smart materials used in aviation industry","author":"Sharma K","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharma K, , Srinivas G. Flying smart: Smart materials used in aviation industry. Mater Today Proc, 2019 [Epub ahead of print]; DOI:10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.10.115.","journal-title":"Mater Today Proc"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(99)00294-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/501483"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/met8030164"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","unstructured":"Memry Corporation. Introduction to Nitinol. Bethel CT 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2011.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2013.06.140"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/met8050342"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2016.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2018.03.072"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2012.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56434-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2018.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2018.05.165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"Hussein AY. The Development of Lightweight Cellular Structures for Metal Additive Manufacturing. University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering. 2013:228."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2019.100024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/met9070756"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2015.07.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"31","article-title":"Mechanical evaluation of the SLM fabricated, stiffness-matched, mandibular bone fixation plates","volume":"1059610","author":"Jahadakbar A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jahadakbar A, , Shayesteh Moghaddam N, , Amerinatanzi A, et al. Mechanical evaluation of the SLM fabricated, stiffness-matched, mandibular bone fixation plates. Proc. SPIE, 2018; 1059610:31.","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000479977.37428.8e"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2018.08.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2016.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2005.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31682"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(02)00028-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-009-0950-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wysocki B Idaszek J Szlazak K et al. Post processing and biological evaluation of the titanium scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. 2016; 9:197.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9030197"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2017.10.072"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering3040036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.03.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X16641199"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1205\/cherd06196"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.10.066"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app7070657"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40830-016-0083-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201300558"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2017.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","first-page":"651","article-title":"A review of computational modelling of additive layer manufacturing\u2014Multi-scale and multi-physics","volume":"1","author":"Lavery NP","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lavery NP, , Brown SGR, , Sienz J, et al. A review of computational modelling of additive layer manufacturing\u2014Multi-scale and multi-physics. Sustain Des Manuf, 2014; 1:651\u2013673.","journal-title":"Sustain Des Manuf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","unstructured":"Kruth J Badrossamay M Yasa E et al. Part and material properties in selective laser melting of metals n.d. 16th International Symposium on Electromachining (ISEM - XVI). Shanghai China: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pal S Igor D Brajlih T. Physical Behaviors of Materials in Selective Laser Melting Process. DAAAM International Scientific Book 2018. Vienna Austria: DAAAM International 2018 pp. 239\u2013256.","DOI":"10.2507\/daaam.scibook.2018.21"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2014.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2015.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/13552541311312166"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10041382"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2008.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2014.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061619"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","first-page":"2","article-title":"Hybrid solid-porous titanium scaffolds","volume":"1","author":"Chmielewska A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chmielewska A, , Wysocki B, \u017brodowski \u0141, et al. Hybrid solid-porous titanium scaffolds. Trans Addit Manuf Meets Med, 2019; 1:2\u20133.","journal-title":"Trans Addit Manuf Meets Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","article-title":"Surface modification of nitinol by chemical and electrochemical etching","volume":"27","author":"Yang Z","unstructured":"Yang Z, , Wei X, , Cao P, et al. Surface modification of nitinol by chemical and electrochemical etching. World Sci 2013 Modern Physics Letters B, 27(19), p. 1341012.","journal-title":"World Sci 2013 Modern Physics Letters B"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2010.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.03.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2015.171"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2009.01777.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9918(199806)26:7<483::AID-SIA388>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2008.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36641-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2005.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-006-0016-y"}],"container-title":["3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/3dp.2020.0209","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/3dp.2020.0209","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/3dp.2020.0209","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T12:37:24Z","timestamp":1777639044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/3dp.2020.0209"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/3dp.2020.0209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/3dp.2020.0209","relation":{},"ISSN":["2329-7662","2329-7670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2329-7662","type":"print"},{"value":"2329-7670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]}}}