{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T20:15:10Z","timestamp":1784232910314,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Additive manufacturing or 3D printing provides the benefits of individualizing the implant per patient requirements. However, the poor surface quality of additively manufactured biomaterial is a major limitation. Hence, hybrid-electrochemical magnetorheological (H-ECMR) polishing is developed to improve the surface quality of fabricated parts. H-ECMR finishing is an advanced surface polishing operation that avails the synergic action of mechanical abrasion and the electrochemical reaction to enhance the surface quality of the workpiece without hampering its surface topography. Furthermore, the developed H-ECMR finishing process reduces the finishing time and produces a uniform surface quality compared with the conventional magnetorheological (MR) finishing process. However, the surface finishing of the parts having a hole-of-pocket feature through the H-ECMR finishing process is a major challenge as MR fluid gets trapped inside those holes or pockets. A feature-based hybrid H-ECMR finishing process is developed to resolve the issue. In this case, paraffin wax is applied to the holes and pockets before the H-ECMR process occurs. In the present work, bone plates are fabricated through selective laser melting, and their surface quality is further enhanced through the H-ECMR finishing process. Bone plates are necessary to provide mechanical stability during bone fracture healing by adapting to the chemical environment. The final\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                      R\n                      <jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    value of 21.37\u2009nm is attained from 9.36\u2009\u03bcm through H-ECMR finishing. Pin-on-disk study is carried out on the biomaterial to analyze its wear resistance. The surface topography of the workpiece is analyzed through scanning electron microscopy before and after finishing, and it was observed that a uniform surface is achieved after polishing. Apart from the average surface roughness (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                      R\n                      <jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ), other roughness parameters such as skewness (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>sk<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and kurtosis (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>ku<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) are analyzed to study the attribute of the surface irregularities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/3dp.2023.0028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T10:30:58Z","timestamp":1687343458000},"page":"1380-1393","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Surface Enhancement of Additively Manufactured Bone Plate Through Hybrid-Electrochemical Magnetorheological Finishing Process"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Atul Singh","family":"Rajput","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0806-5226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajan","family":"Kapil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manas","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/13552540510573365"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","first-page":"235","article-title":"Selective laser melting in biomedical manufacturing","volume":"2020","author":"Munir K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Munir K, , Biesiekierski A, , Wen C, et al. Selective laser melting in biomedical manufacturing. Met Biomater Process Med Device Manuf, 2020; 2020:235\u2013269; doi: 10.1016\/b978-0-08-102965-7.00007-2","journal-title":"Met Biomater Process Med Device Manuf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/latj.201290018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2007.02.088"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4935926"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2011.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2017.12.095"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app8081306"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/09544054JEM670"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-014-1272-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","first-page":"171","article-title":"Laser polishing. In laser applications in microelectronic and optoelectronic manufacturing (LAMOM) XVII SPIE","volume":"8243","author":"Temmler A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Temmler A, , Willenborg E, , Wissenbach K. Laser polishing. In laser applications in microelectronic and optoelectronic manufacturing (LAMOM) XVII SPIE. 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Surface properties and biocompatibility studies on bone plate by magnetorheological finishing. Surf Eng, 2022; 2022:2154006; doi: 10.1080\/02670844.2022.2154006","journal-title":"Surf Eng"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910608500603"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40735-019-0277-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","unstructured":"Silva M Snow K. Biotribology Considerations of Total Knee Replacement. 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