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The mechanical characteristics of functionally graded BCC lattice structures were explored, resulting in enhanced mechanical features compared with uniform-graded BCC lattice structures. Due to the gradient lattice structure, the average bending load significantly increased to 62.5%. It was found that the BCC lattice structure only exhibits a dual failure model comprising buckling and fracture, compared with other lattice structures that often offer sole buckling or fracture failure. The buckling of the struts starts from the bottom and ends with a fracture. BCC lattice sandwiches provide an opportunity to balance strength and weight ratio effectively. The experimental findings showed close agreement with finite element results. Numerical modeling illustrates the stress\u2013strain and force\u2013deformation curves, and the failure mechanism is the strut buckling triggered from the plastic hinges with high-stress levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/3dp.2024.0122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T06:38:17Z","timestamp":1736318297000},"page":"78-89","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Titanium 3D Body-Centered Cubic Lattice Structure Additively Manufactured Using Selective Laser Melting"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Asadullah","family":"Jan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Design and Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Munir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Design and Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9372-0263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Rizwan ul","family":"Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Design and Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Salman","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Design and Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahsan","family":"Kaleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pakistan Institute of Additive Manufacturing (PIAM3D), NCP, Islamabad, Pakistan."},{"name":"Pakistan Institute of Engineering &amp; Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad N.","family":"Ahsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pakistan Institute of Additive Manufacturing (PIAM3D), NCP, Islamabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aqeel A.","family":"Khurram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pakistan Institute of Additive Manufacturing (PIAM3D), NCP, Islamabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmood","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Design and Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-56127-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102965-7.00006-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.108137"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2013.08.183"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2021.110008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"Kruth J-P Badrossamay M Yasa E et al. 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