{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T15:58:21Z","timestamp":1784044701681,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,12,1]],"date-time":"1994-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":786240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Until recently, HTLV-I was considered to be an Old World virus and HTLV-II was thought to be endemic in the Americas. However, the presence of HTLV-II among Pygmies and other populations of Africa has raised doubts as to whether HTLV-II is primarily a New World virus. The large serosurveys conducted in the urban and rural areas of southern Ghana have identified a 1-2% prevalence for HTLV-I\/II. To define the HTLV type, we have used a Western blot assay (HTLV-2.3 blot) that allows simultaneous confirmation and differentiation between HTLVs. Samples (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 139) were chosen on the basis of previous reactivity with either an enzyme immune assay or r21e-spiked WB results. The WB 2.3 analysis of these specimens identified 55 (40%) to be HTLV positive, 70 (50%) to be HTLV indeterminant, and 14 (10%) to be HTLV negative for HTLV. HTLV seroindeterminant patterns ranged from both\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gag<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">env<\/jats:italic>\n                    (14 were r21\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , p24\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and\/or p19\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    [all were RIPA negative]) to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gag<\/jats:italic>\n                    only (21 were p24\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/p19\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 16 were p19\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and 7 were p24\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">env<\/jats:italic>\n                    only (8 were r21\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and 4 were rgp46\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) reactivities. Of the 55 HTLV-positive specimens, 41 were typed as HTLV-I, 9 were HTLV-II, and 5 could not be typed (HTLV-I\/II). Of the nine HTLV-II-positive specimens, three were from patients with Burkitt's lymphoma and six were from healthy individuals (two pregnant women) with no obvious risk factors for HTLV-II. Interestingly, two of the infected individuals were children under 13 years of age. Although sexual transmission is unlikely, they may have been infected through breast-feeding. Thus, Ghana can be added to the list of African countries, including Zaire, Gabon, Ethiopia, Somalia, Ivory Coast, and Guinea, where HTLV-II has previously been reported.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1994.10.1747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,16]],"date-time":"2009-03-16T13:54:26Z","timestamp":1237211666000},"page":"1747-1750","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Presence of Human T Lymphotropic Virus Types I and II in Ghana, West Africa"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Renu B.","family":"Lal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherry M.","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Mingle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul H.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Manns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,12,1]]},"container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/aid.1994.10.1747","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/aid.1994.10.1747","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T14:25:17Z","timestamp":1774621517000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/aid.1994.10.1747"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/aid.1994.10.1747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/aid.1994.10.1747","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-2229","1931-8405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-2229","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-8405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]}}}